Nano-Based Drug Delivery System for Psoriasis Management: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
Psoriasis is an autoimmune and inflammatory conditions and characterized by red, inflammatory plaques and macules that develop due to poor differentiation and increased proliferation of keratin-produced by epidermal cells. Pathophysiology, including as immune cells, genetic predisposition, antimicrobial peptides, and non-coding RNAs. The traditional prescription drugs are not enough to control the condition because they have many drawbacks. They are link to large dosage of drugs and the potential for toxicity and the adverse effects, which can result in long- term poor patient compliance. Nanotechnology-based approaches aiming at a greater therapeutic effect in order to get beyond the aforementioned restrictions and allow tailored pharmaceuticals treatments for psoriasis and reduced toxicity in psoriasis topical treatment. This comprehensive review included the type, onset of disease and pathophysiology of psoriasis, conventional treatment, the need for nano based drug delivery systems for the treatment of psoriasis and also described the nanobased drug delivery approaches such as lipid based nanocarriers: - nanoemulsion, liposomes, ethosomes, transferosomes, cerosomes, NLC, SLN and polymer based nannocarriers such as: - hydrogels, nanosphere nanocapsules, dendrimers and also metallic nanocarriers: - gold and silver nanoparticles. The review was prepared through literature search using the databases ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The review article offered information on the utilization of nano carriers while talking about the drawbacks of traditional psoriasis treatment. Throughout the skin's penetration and permeation process, the biodegradable nanoformulations usually result in targeted drug administrations. Additionally, it controls drug release, avoids toxicity, and protects labile compounds from degradation.
Keywords: Psoriasis, Nanotechnology, Traditional medicines, Nanocarriers
Keywords:
Psoriasis, Nanotechnology, Traditional MrdicinesDOI
https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v16i3.7592References
1. Bakshi H, Nagpal M, Singh M, Dhingra GA, Aggarwal G. Treatment of psoriasis: a comprehensive review of entire therapies. Current drug safety. 2020 Jul 1;15(2):82-104. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574886315666200128095958
2. Kaur T, Hinge N, Pukale S, Ansari MN, Thajudeen KY, Nandave M, Upadhyay J. Emerging Therapeutic Agents and Nanotechnology-Driven Innovations in Psoriasis Management. Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark. 2025 Mar 19;30(3):27910. https://doi.org/10.31083/FBL27910
3. Arora S, Das P, Arora G. Systematic review and recommendations to combine newer therapies with conventional therapy in psoriatic disease. Frontiers in Medicine. 2021 Aug 19;8:696597. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.696597
4. Rapalli VK, Waghule T, Gorantla S, Dubey SK, Saha RN, Singhvi G. Psoriasis: pathological mechanisms, current pharmacological therapies, and emerging drug delivery systems. Drug Discovery Today. 2020 Dec 1;25(12):2212-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2020.09.023
5. Armstrong AW, Read C. Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of psoriasis: a review. Jama. 2020 May 19;323(19):1945-60. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4006
6. Lee HJ, Kim M. Challenges and future trends in the treatment of psoriasis. International journal of molecular sciences. 2023 Aug 28;24(17):13313. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713313
7. Mascarenhas-Melo F, Carvalho A, Gonçalves MB, Paiva-Santos AC, Veiga F. Nanocarriers for the topical treatment of psoriasis-pathophysiology, conventional treatments, nanotechnology, regulatory and toxicology. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2022 Jul 1; 176:95-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.05.012
8. Gomes GS, Frank LA, Contri RV, Longhi MS, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS. Nanotechnology-based alternatives for the topical delivery of immunosuppressive agents in psoriasis. International journal of pharmaceutics. 2023 Jan 25; 631:122535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122535
9. Rapalli VK, Singhvi G, Dubey SK, Gupta G, Chellappan DK, Dua K. Emerging landscape in psoriasis management: from topical application to targeting biomolecules. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy. 2018 Oct 1; 106:707-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.136.
10. Shetty K, Sherje AP. Nano intervention in topical delivery of corticosteroid for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis—a systematic review. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 2021 Aug;32(8):88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-021-06558-y
11. Sarac G, Koca TT, Baglan T. A brief summary of clinical types of psoriasis. Northern clinics of Istanbul. 2016 Jun 14;3(1):79. doi: 10.14744/nci.2016.16023
12. Zhou C, Yu X, Cai D, Liu C, Li C. Role of corticotropin-releasing hormone and receptor in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Medical hypotheses. 2009 Oct 1;73(4):513-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.02.051
13. Aggarwal G. Topical nano drug delivery for treatment of psoriasis: Progressive and novel delivery. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics (AJP). 2018 Nov 5;12(03). https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v12i03.2618
14. Bowcock AM, Barker JN. Genetics of psoriasis: the potential impact on new therapies. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 Aug 1;49(2):51-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(03)01135-6
15. Chimenti MS, Ballanti E, Perricone C, Cipriani P, Giacomelli R, Perricone R. Immunomodulation in psoriatic arthritis: focus on cellular and molecular pathways. Autoimmunity reviews. 2013 Mar 1;12(5):599-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2012.10.002
16. Solomon DH, Goodson NJ, Katz JN, Weinblatt ME, Avorn J, Setoguchi S, Canning C, Schneeweiss S. Patterns of cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2006 Dec 1;65(12):1608-12. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2005.050377
17. Ash Z, Gaujoux-Viala C, Gossec L, Hensor EM, FitzGerald O, Winthrop K, Van Der Heijde D, Emery P, Smolen JS, Marzo-Ortega H. A systematic literature review of drug therapies for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis: current evidence and meta-analysis informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2012 Mar 1;71(3):319-26. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2011.150995
18. Gudjonsson JE, Elder JT. Psoriasis: epidemiology. Clinics in dermatology. 2007 Nov 1;25(6):535-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.08.007
19. Sarıfakıoğlu E. Pustular diseases of the hand. Yeni Tıp Dergisi. 2010; 27:138-41.
20. Siddiqui L, Tyagi Y, Rao NR. TO EVALUATE THE ROLE OF HERBAL DRUGS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PSORIASIS: A REVIEW ARTICLE. DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20205-17461
21. Schadler ED, Ortel B, Mehlis SL. Biologics for the primary care physician: Review and treatment of psoriasis. Disease-a-Month. 2019 Mar 1;65(3):51-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2018.06.001
22. Baker BS, Swain AF, Fry L, Valdimarsson H. Epidermal T lymphocytes and HLA‐DR expression in psoriasis. British Journal of Dermatology. 1984 May 1;110(5):555-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1984.tb04678.x
23. Kumar S, Han J, Li T, Qureshi AA. Obesity, waist circumference, weight change and the risk of psoriasis in US women. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2013 Oct;27(10):1293-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.12001
24. Seville RH. Psoriasis and stress. British Journal of Dermatology. 1977 Sep 1;97(3):297-302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1977.tb15186.x
25. Mills CM, Srivastava ED, Harvey IM, Swift GL, Newcombe RG, Holt PJ, Rhodes J. Smoking habits in psoriasis: a case control study. British Journal of Dermatology. 1992 Jul 1;127(1):18-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1992.tb14818.x
26. Henseler T. The genetics of psoriasis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 Aug 1;37(2): S1-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(97)80394-5
27. Dunna SF, Finlay AY. Psoriasis: improvement during and worsening after pregnancy. British Journal of Dermatology. 1989 Apr 1;120(4):584-. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1989.tb01338.x
28. Gao Y, Xu T, Wang Y, Hu Y, Yin S, Qin Z, Yu H. Pathophysiology and treatment of psoriasis: from clinical practice to basic research. Pharmaceutics. 2025 Jan 3;17(1):56. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17010056
29. Kamata M. & Tada Y. Dendritic Cells and Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis. Frontiers in Immunology. 2022 Jun 28;13. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.941071.
30. Sondermann W, Körber A. IL-17-Blockade in der Psoriasis-Therapie. Kompass Dermatologie. 2018 Apr 19;6(2):69-78. https://doi.org/10.1159/000486982
31. Shi Z, Wu X, Wu CY, Singh SP, Law T, Yamada D, Huynh M, Liakos W, Yang G, Farber JM, Wan YJ. Bile acids improve psoriasiform dermatitis through inhibition of IL-17A expression and CCL20-CCR6–mediated trafficking of T cells. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2022 May 1;142(5):1381-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2021.10.027
32. Hedrick MN, Lonsdorf AS, Shirakawa AK, Lee CC, Liao F, Singh SP, Zhang HH, Grinberg A, Love PE, Hwang ST, Farber JM. CCR6 is required for IL-23–induced psoriasis-like inflammation in mice. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2009 Aug 3;119(8):2317-29. 10.1172/JCI37378 .
33. Howes A, O'Sullivan PA, Breyer F, Ghose A, Cao L, Krappmann D, Bowcock AM, Ley SC. Psoriasis mutations disrupt CARD14 autoinhibition promoting BCL10-MALT1-dependent NF-κB activation. Biochemical Journal. 2016 Jun 15;473(12):1759-68. https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20160270
34. Fathi N, Rashidi G, Khodadadi A, Shahi S, Sharifi S. STAT3 and apoptosis challenges in cancer. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2018 Oct 1; 117:993-1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.121
35. Locke GA, Muckelbauer J, Tokarski JS, Barbieri CM, Belić S, Falk B, Tredup J, Wang YK. Identification and characterization of TYK2 pseudokinase domain stabilizers that allosterically inhibit TYK2 signaling. InMethods in Enzymology 2022 Jan 1 (Vol. 667, pp. 685-727). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.051
36. Aldabbas R, Shaker OG, Ismail MF, Fathy N. miRNA-559 and MTDH as possible diagnostic markers of psoriasis: Role of PTEN/AKT/FOXO pathway in disease pathogenesis. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2023 Jul;478(7):1427-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-022-04599-7
37. Zhang L, Liu X, Huang M, Wang R, Zhu W, Li Y, Shen L, Li C. Metformin inhibits HaCaT cell proliferation under hyperlipidemia through reducing reactive oxygen species via FOXO3 activation. Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology. 2022 Jan 1:1403-13. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S368845
38. Pinter A, van de Kerkhof P. The role of topical therapies along the psoriasis patient journey: An overview from the Symposium ‘Tailoring topical psoriasis treatments to patients' needs and expectations’ of the 30th EADV Congress 2021. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2023 Jan; 37:3-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.18761m
39. Torsekar R, Gautam MM. Topical therapies in psoriasis. Indian dermatology online journal. 2017 Jul 1;8(4):235-45. DOI: 10.4103/2229-5178.209622
40. Modarresi Chahardehi A, Ojaghi HR, Motedayyen H, Arefnezhad R. Nano-based formulations of thymoquinone are new approaches for psoriasis treatment: a literature review. Frontiers in Immunology. 2024 Aug 12; 15:1416842. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1416842
41. Van De Kerkhof PC, Barker J, Griffiths CE, Kragballe K, Mason J, Menter A, Papp K. Psoriasis: consensus on topical therapies. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2008 Jul;22(7):859-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02534.x
42. Weinstein GD, Krueger GG, Lowe NJ, Duvic M, Friedman DJ, Jegasothy BV, Jorizzo JL, Shmunes E, Tschen EH, Lew-Kaya DA, Lue JC. Tazarotene gel, a new retinoid, for topical therapy of psoriasis: vehicle-controlled study of safety, efficacy, and duration of therapeutic effect. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1997 Jul 1;37(1):85-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(97)70216-0
43. Lebwohl M, Freeman AK, Chapman MS, Feldman SR, Hartle JE, Henning A. Tacrolimus ointment is effective for facial and intertriginous psoriasis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2004 Nov 1;51(5):723-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2004.07.011
44. Koo J, Cuffie CA, Tanner DJ, Bressinck R, Cornell RC, DeVillez RL, Edwards L, Breneman DL, Piacquadio DJ, Guzzo CA, Monroe EW. Mometasone furoate 0.1%—salicylic acid 5% ointment versus mometasone furoate 0.1% ointment in the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis: a multicenter study. Clinical therapeutics. 1998 Mar 1;20(2):283-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2918(98)80091-X
45. Menter A, Gelfand JM, Connor C, Armstrong AW, Cordoro KM, Davis DM, Elewski BE, Gordon KB, Gottlieb AB, Kaplan DH, Kavanaugh A. Joint American Academy of Dermatology–National Psoriasis Foundation guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis with systemic nonbiologic therapies. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2020 Jun 1;82(6):1445-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2020.02.044
46. Montesinos MC, Desai A, Delano D, Chen JF, Fink JS, Jacobson MA, Cronstein BN. Adenosine A2A or A3 receptors are required for inhibition of inflammation by methotrexate and its analog MX‐68. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2003 Jan;48(1):240-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.10712
47. Malatjalian DA, Ross JB, Williams CN, Colwell SJ, Eastwood BJ. Methotrexate hepatotoxicity in psoriatics: report of 104 patients from Nova Scotia, with analysis of risks from obesity, diabetes and alcohol consumption during long term follow‐up. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1996;10(6):369-75. https://doi.org/10.1155/1996/213596
48. Papp K, Gulliver W, Lynde C, Poulin Y, Ashkenas J. Canadian guidelines for the management of plaque psoriasis: overview. Journal of cutaneous medicine and surgery. 2011 Jul;15(4):210-9. https://doi.org/10.2310/7750.2011.1006 .
49. Schafer P. Apremilast mechanism of action and application to psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Biochemical pharmacology. 2012 Jun 15;83(12):1583-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2012.01.001
50. Aziz K, Amar A, Khan Z, Janjooha BT, Gul S. Combined Treatment of Psoriasis with Acitretin and UVB Phototherapy Compared with Acitretin Alone. Indus Journal of Bioscience Research. 2025 Jul 15;3(7):1245-9. https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i7.2501
51. Yu C, Wu C, Yang Y, Jin H. Systemic monotherapy with acitretin for erythrodermic psoriasis: results of a retrospective study of 81 patients. Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease. 2023 Jun; 14:20406223231178412. https://doi.org/10.1177/2040622323117841
52. Balak DM. Fumaric acid esters in the management of psoriasis. Psoriasis: Targets and Therapy. 2015 Jan 5:9-23. https://doi.org/10.2147/PTT.S51490
53. Zhu B, Jing M, Yu Q, Ge X, Yuan F, Shi L. Treatments in psoriasis: from standard pharmacotherapy to nanotechnology therapy. Advances in Dermatology and Allergology/Postępy Dermatologii i Alergologii. 2022 Jun 3;39(3):460-71. https://doi.org/10.5114/ada.2021.108445 .
54. Hjort G, Schwarz CW, Skov L, Loft N. Clinical characteristics associated with response to biologics in the treatment of psoriasis: a meta-analysis. JAMA dermatology. 2024 Aug 1;160(8):830-7. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2024.1677
55. Bakshi H, Nagpal M, Singh M, Dhingra GA, Aggarwal G. Treatment of psoriasis: a comprehensive review of entire therapies. Current drug safety. 2020 Jul 1;15(2):82-104. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574886315666200128095958
56. Elmets CA, Lim HW, Stoff B, Connor C, Cordoro KM, Lebwohl M, Armstrong AW, Davis DM, Elewski BE, Gelfand JM, Gordon KB. Joint American Academy of Dermatology–National Psoriasis Foundation guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with phototherapy. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2019 Sep 1;81(3):775-804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2019.04.042
57. Palshetkar A, Mehendale P, Pingale P, Desai N. Topical drug delivery for psoriasis using nanocarriers. Nanocarrier Drug Delivery Systems: Therapeutic and Diagnostic Medicine. 2024 Sep 3:307.
58. Chandorkar PU, Podutwar AA, Jagdale SC. Nanotechnology in the Treatment of Skin Disorders Such as Psoriasis. Journal of Pharmacology, Genetics and Molecular Biology. 2025 Oct 18:103-14. https://doi.org/10.64062/JPGMB.Vol1.Issue5.8
59. Bodnár K, Fehér P, Ujhelyi Z, Bácskay I, Józsa L. Recent approaches for the topical treatment of psoriasis using nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics. 2024 Mar 25;16(4):449. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16040449
60. Gurevich EV, Gurevich VV. Beyond traditional pharmacology: new tools and approaches. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2015 Jul;172(13):3229-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.13066
61. Tenchov R, Bird R, Curtze AE, Zhou Q. Lipid nanoparticles─ from liposomes to mRNA vaccine delivery, a landscape of research diversity and advancement. ACS nano. 2021 Jun 28;15(11):16982-7015. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c04996 .
62. Sehgal KK. Development of nano structured lipid carrier-based hydrogel for the treatment of psoriasis. Int J Res Pharmaceut Sci. 2019;10(3):1711-9. https://ijrps.com/home/article/view/3842
63. Saleem S, Iqubal MK, Garg S, Ali J, Baboota S. Trends in nanotechnology-based delivery systems for dermal targeting of drugs: An enticing approach to offset psoriasis. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery. 2020 Jun 2;17(6):817-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425247.2020.1758665
64. Rai VK, Mishra N, Yadav KS, Yadav NP. Nanoemulsion as pharmaceutical carrier for dermal and transdermal drug delivery: Formulation development, stability issues, basic considerations and applications. Journal of controlled release. 2018 Jan 28; 270:203-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.049
65. Alhasso B, Ghori MU, Conway BR. Development of nanoemulsions for topical application of mupirocin. Pharmaceutics. 2023 Jan 22;15(2):378. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020378
66. Khan R, Mirza MA, Aqil M, Alex TS, Raj N, Manzoor N, Naseef PP, Saheer Kuruniyan M, Iqbal Z. In vitro and in vivo investigation of a dual-targeted nanoemulsion gel for the amelioration of psoriasis. Gels. 2023 Jan 28;9(2):112. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9020112
67. Rashid SA, Naseem F, Shah PA, Hashmi HB, Mazher M, Mubarak MS, Sharifi-Rad J, Badar M. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Development and evaluation of methotrexate-loaded nanoemulsion formulation for topical treatment of psoriasis. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 2025 Feb;398(2):1765-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-024-03364-5
68. Bhardwaj S, Gaur PK, Tiwari A. Development of topical nanoemulgel using combined therapy for treating psoriasis. ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies. 2022 Jan 1;20(1):42-54. https://doi.org/10.1089/adt.2021.112
69. Alam A, Alqarni MH, Foudah AI, Raish M, Salkini MA. Babchi oil-based nanoemulsion hydrogel for the management of psoriasis: a novel energy economic approach employing biosurfactants. Gels. 2022 Nov 23;8(12):761. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8120761
70. Singh VK, Patel HA. A Unique Strategies for Psoriasis Management: Utilizing Nanoemulsion Based Insitu-Gel Formulation for Topical Administration of Mometasone Furoate. Cuestiones de Fisioterapia. 2025 Feb 3;54(3):3448-60.https://doi.org/10.48047/cbt7t656
71. Elkordy AA, Hill D, Attia M, Chaw CS. Liposomes and their therapeutic applications in enhancing psoriasis and breast cancer treatments. Nanomaterials. 2024 Nov 1;14(21):1760. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14211760.
72. Al Badri YN, Chaw CS, Elkordy AA. Insights into asymmetric liposomes as a potential intervention for drug delivery including pulmonary nanotherapeutics. Pharmaceutics. 2023 Jan 15;15(1):294. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15010294
73. Lu Y, Cheng L, Ren L, Chen D, Guan S, Zhu S, Xu X, Zhang B, Tang M, Zhang C, Ai Y. Therapeutic Effect and Mechanism of Glabridin Liposome on Imiquimod-induced Mice Psoriasis. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 2024 Mar;20(1):72-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/09731296231198931
74. Zhang P, Tang J, Cheng L, Xue Y, Yang J, Sun Z, Liu J. Hyaluronic acid modified liposomes with enhanced transdermal delivery of methotrexate for psoriasis treatment. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2025 Mar 1;247:114457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114457
75. Wang W, Shu GF, Lu KJ, Xu XL, Sun MC, Qi J, Huang QL, Tan WQ, Du YZ. Flexible liposomal gel dual-loaded with all-trans retinoic acid and betamethasone for enhanced therapeutic efficiency of psoriasis. Journal of nanobiotechnology. 2020 May 24;18(1):80. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-020-00635-0
76. Nakamura S, Ozono M, Yanagi K, Kogure K. Development of an effective psoriasis treatment by combining tacrolimus-encapsulated liposomes and iontophoresis. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2024 Jan 19;47(1):196-203. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b23-00667
77. Chen J, Ma Y, Tao Y, Zhao X, Xiong Y, Chen Z, Tian Y. Formulation and evaluation of a topical liposomal gel containing a combination of zedoary turmeric oil and tretinoin for psoriasis activity. Journal of liposome research. 2021 Apr 3;31(2):130-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/08982104.2020.1748646
78. Halluru J, Sangeetha SS. Formulation and evaluation of film forming gel loaded with thymoquinone ethosomes for treating psoriasis. Int J Pharm Sci. 2025;3(11):2808-2832. doi:10.5281/zenodo.17646420
79. Mohan WP, Patil SG, Pawar SP. Formulation and evaluation of methotrexate ethosomal gel. World J Pharm Med Res. 2025;11(2):264–276 www.wjpmr.com
80. Dongare SS, Bhogale VP. DEVELOPMENT, OPTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION OF PSORALEN LOADED TRANSFERSOMAL GEL FOR TREATMENT OF PSORIASIS. DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20245-30558
81. Motwani K, Gupta V. Nano-transfersomes of vitamin-E and Aloe-vera for the management of psoriasis: nano-transfersomes for the management of psoriasis. Journal of Sustainable Materials Processing and Management. 2022 Oct 27;2(2):9-18. https://doi.org/10.30880/jsmpm.2022.02.02.002
82. Parkash V, Maan S, Chaudhary V, Jogpal V, Mittal G, Jain V. Implementation of design of experiments in development and optimization of transfersomal carrier system of tacrolimus for the dermal management of psoriasis in albino wistar rat. Journal of Bioequivalence & Bioavailability. 2018;10(5). DOI: 10.4172/0975-0851.1000385
83. Avasatthi V, Pawar H, Dora CP, Bansod P, Gill MS, Suresh S. A novel nanogel formulation of methotrexate for topical treatment of psoriasis: optimization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Pharmaceutical development and technology. 2016 Jul 3;21(5):554-62. https://doi.org/10.3109/10837450.2015.1026605
84. Syed Azhar SN, Ashari SE, Zainuddin N, Hassan M. Nanostructured lipid carriers-hydrogels system for drug delivery: Nanohybrid technology perspective. Molecules. 2022 Jan 4;27(1):289. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010289
85. Rani A, Kaur R, Aldahish A, Vasudevan R, Balaji P, Dora CP, Chandrasekaran B, Singh TG, Sharma R. Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC)-Based Topical Formulation of Hesperidin for Effective Treatment of Psoriasis. Pharmaceutics. 2025 Apr 7;17(4):478. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17040478
86. Biswasroy P, Pradhan D, Pradhan DK, Ghosh G, Rath G. Development of Betulin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for the management of Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2024 Mar 12;25(3):57. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-024-02774-1
87. Singh A, Verma A, Kumar P. Innovative nanostructured lipid carrier gel for enhanced topical delivery of roflumilast in psoriasis management. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research. 2025 Aug 31;13(4):254-65. https://doi.org/10.69857/joapr.v13i4.1242
88. Müller RH, Radtke M, Wissing SA. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in cosmetic and dermatological preparations. Advanced drug delivery reviews. 2002 Nov 1;54:S131-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00118-7
89. Hanumanaik M, Patel SK, Sree KR. Solid lipid nanoparticles: a review. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2013;4(3):928-40. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mudavath-Hanumanaik/publication/338403466
90. Mahajan M, Kaur M, Thakur S, Singh A, Shahtaghi NR, Shivgotra R, Bhardwaj N, Saini S, Jain SK. Solid lipid nanoparticles as carrier to increase local bioavailability of acitretin after topical administration in psoriasis treatment. Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation. 2023 Mar;18(1):220-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12247-022-09635-z
91. Maiti D, Inamdar MN, Almuqbil M, Suresh S, Asdaq SM, Alshehri S, Al Arfaj SA, Alamri AM, Aldohyan MM, Alqahtani MT, Alosaimi TM. Evaluation of solid-lipid nanoparticles formulation of methotrexate for anti-psoriatic activity. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2023 Jun 1;31(6):834-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2023.04.007
92. Albash R, Yousry C, Al-Mahallawi AM, Alaa-Eldin AA. Utilization of PEGylated cerosomes for effective topical delivery of fenticonazole nitrate: in-vitro characterization, statistical optimization, and in-vivo assessment. Drug Delivery. 2021 Jan 1;28(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2020.1859000
93. Elhabal SF, Abdelaal N, Al-Zuhairy SA, Mohamed Elrefai MF, Khalifa MM, Khasawneh MA, Elsaid Hamdan AM, Mohie PM, Gad RA, Kabil SL, El-Ashery MK. Revolutionizing psoriasis topical treatment: enhanced efficacy through ceramide/phospholipid composite cerosomes co-delivery of cyclosporine and dithranol: in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo studies. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2024 Dec 31:1163-87. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S443812
94. Yang X, Tang Y, Wang M, Wang Y, Wang W, Pang M, Xu Y. Co-delivery of methotrexate and nicotinamide by cerosomes for topical psoriasis treatment with enhanced efficacy. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2021 Aug 10;605:120826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120826
95. Anwer MK, Mohammad M, Ezzeldin E, Fatima F, Alalaiwe A, Iqbal M. Preparation of sustained release apremilast-loaded PLGA nanoparticles: In vitro characterization and in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats. International journal of nanomedicine. 2019 Mar 1:1587-95. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S195048
96. Maleki B, Kargar PG, Ashrafi SS, Ghani M. Perspective chapter: Introduction to hydrogels–Definition, classifications, applications and methods of preparation. InIonic Liquids-Recent Advances 2024 May 2. IntechOpen. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.1005061
97. Rapalli VK, Tomar Y, Sharma S, Roy A, Singhvi G. Apremilast loaded lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles embedded hydrogel for improved permeation and skin retention: An effective approach for psoriasis treatment. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2023 Jun 1; 162:114634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114634
98. Asad MI, Khan D, Rehman AU, Elaissari A, Ahmed N. Development and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of pH-sensitive polymeric nanoparticles loaded hydrogel for the management of psoriasis. Nanomaterials. 2021 Dec 17;11(12):3433. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11123433
99. Saxena V, Gaddam DP, Verma A, Yadav N, Kulkarni MH, Lakra J, Kemisettih D, Katyayani BM. Formulation And Characterization Of Quercetin Phytosome-Infused Hydrogel For Enhanced Skin Penetration In Psoriasis Management. International Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2025 May 23;11(6s):1041-7. https://doi.org/10.64252/mm3eg290
100. Petit RG, Cano A, Ortiz A, Espina M, Prat J, Muñoz M, Severino P, Souto EB, Garcia ML, Pujol M, Sánchez-López E. Psoriasis: from pathogenesis to pharmacological and nano-technological-based therapeutics. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021 May 7;22(9):4983. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094983
101. Kumar S, Prasad M, Rao R. Topical delivery of clobetasol propionate loaded nanosponge hydrogel for effective treatment of psoriasis: Formulation, physicochemical characterization, antipsoriatic potential and biochemical estimation. Materials Science and Engineering: C. 2021 Feb 1;119:111605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111605
102. Gomes GS, Benin T, Ferreira EC, Palma VM, Alves AC, Visioli F, Longhi MS, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS, Frank LA. Pectin-based hydrogel loaded with polymeric nanocapsules for the cutaneous delivery of tacrolimus: A targeted approach for the treatment of psoriasis. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2024 Sep 1; 99:105967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2024.105967
103. Kumar S, Nair AB, Kadian V, Dalal P, Jangir BL, Aldhubiab B, Almuqbil RM, Alnaim AS, Alwadei N, Rao R. Development and evaluation of hydrogel-based sulfasalazine-loaded nanosponges for enhanced topical psoriasis therapy. Pharmaceuticals. 2025 Mar 10;18(3):391. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18030391
104. Wang J, Li B, Qiu L, Qiao X, Yang H. Dendrimer-based drug delivery systems: History, challenges, and latest developments. Journal of biological engineering. 2022 Jul 25;16(1):18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13036-022-00298-5
105. Yu H, Liu Y, Zheng F, Chen W, Wei K. Erianin-loaded photo-responsive dendrimer mesoporous silica nanoparticles: exploration of a psoriasis treatment method. Molecules. 2022 Sep 26;27(19):6328. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196328
106. Kumar H, Venkatesh N, Bhowmik H, Kuila A. Metallic nanoparticle: a review. Biomed. J. Sci. Tech. Res. 2018;4(2):3765-75. DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.04.001011
107. Alaqad K, Saleh TA. Gold and silver nanoparticles: synthesis methods, characterization routes and applications towards drugs. Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology. 2016;6(4). DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000384
108. Telange DR, Mahajan NM, Mandale T, More S, Warokar A. P ongamia pinnata seed extract-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticle loaded nanogel for estimation of their antipsoriatic properties. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering. 2024 Aug;47(8):1409-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-024-03058-5
109. Hadi HT, Ibrahim OM. Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Green Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles on Imiquimod Induced Psoriasis in Mice as Model. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2024;12(8):1422-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2024/12.8.1422.1432
110. Zangeneh FZ, Shooshtary FS. Psoriasis—types, causes and medication. In Psoriasis-Types, Causes and Medication 2013 Apr 17. IntechOpen. DOI: 10.5772/54728
111. Sukhov A, Adamopoulos IE, Maverakis E. Interactions of the immune system with skin and bone tissue in psoriatic arthritis: a comprehensive review. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology. 2016 Aug;51(1):87-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-016-8529-8 .
112. Hu P, Wang M, Gao H, Zheng A, Li J, Mu D, Tong J. The role of helper T cells in psoriasis. Frontiers in immunology. 2021 Dec 15; 12:788940. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.788940
Published
Abstract Display: 178 
PDF Downloads: 152 PDF Downloads: 49 How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2026 Neha Bhatia , Alpika Bhatia , Hardeep Kaur
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
How to Cite
.