Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics
Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT) is a double-blind peer-reviewed International Journal dedicated to the publication of research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, Short communications and case studies. This publication is aimed at a broad, interdisciplinary audience of academic and industrial researchers actively engaged in basic and applied laboratory practice, related to Pharmaceutical Science and Therapeutics.
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Health Benefits of Using Spirulina as Functional Food-Based Therapy for Spirulina Consumers. Case study: Kicukiro and Gasabo Districts, Kigali City, Rwanda in 2025
Background: Spirulina is a nutrient-dense blue - green algae that grows naturally in alkaline lakes and is also cultivated worldwide as a dietary supplement. A microalga scientifically classified under the most commonly used species, which are Arthrospira platensis and Arthrospira maxima. It has been consumed for centuries, most notably by the Aztecs, who harvested it from Lake Texcoco, and by communities around Lake Chad. It has emerged as one of the most promising functional foods in contemporary nutrition science due to its exceptional nutritional profile and therapeutic properties. This photosynthetic cyanobacterium contains approximately 60-70% high-quality protein by dry weight, along with essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds including phycocyanin, chlorophyll, and carotenoids Aim: This study aims to comprehensively assess the health benefits of spirulina as a functional food-based therapy among consumers in Kicukiro and Gasabo districts of Rwanda. Methods: This study focused on surveying and interviewing spirulina consumers about its potential health benefits. A questionnaire and interview methods were used for data collection. A sample of 30 spirulina consumers was selected from Gasabo and Kicukiro districts by using the Snowball sampling method. Tabulation and SPSS were used to present and analyze results respectively. Results: Findings show that the majority 5(16.7%) used spirulina during 5 years ago, no side effect of spirulina were reported by respondents, regarding health benefits of spirulina, 25 various health benefits were reported by its consumers and are summarize in table 11, where the majority of them 7(23.3%) reported that it strengthened their body, 5(16.67%) reported that spirulina constructed their body, 4(13,33) reported that spirulina promote healthy skin, 3(10%) reported that spirulina prevented the severity of HIV opportunistic infection, 3(10%) reported that spirulina increases appetite, 2(6.67%) reported that spirulina increases strength during sexuality,2(6.67) reported that spirulina increases blood,2(6.67%) reported that spirulina reduces blood pressure. Conclusions: It is observed that any kind of disease condition associated with a stressful lifestyle is reduced due to spirulina use. This is because spirulina contains antioxidants that neutralize and reduce the effect of oxidative stress related to long-term exposure to chronic stress. Keywords: Health benefits, spirulina consumers, functional food-based therapy
Copyright (c) 2026 Gatembezi Tharcisse, Mukamana Marie Louise, Tuyishime Jean Claude, Rwandema Joseph , Mvuyekure Aimé Fidele , Rwigema Kayitare, Ishimwe Alain Prudence , Mutabazi Donatien , Hakizimana Philippe , Mukamana Colette https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development of pharmaceutical compositions based on animal and plant-derived squalene
Objective: This study aimed to develop and evaluate stable pharmaceutical compositions based on squalene derived from both animal (shark liver) and plant (amaranth oil) sources. Methods: Oil-in-water nanoemulsions were prepared and stored at 4 °C for six months to evaluate stability. Key stability parameters, including droplet size and zeta potential, were determined using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The immunogenicity of VLP-based rotavirus vaccine formulations containing these adjuvants was evaluated in a guinea pig model. Humoral and cellular immune responses were quantified using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for IgG titers, Neutralization Assays (NA) for virus-neutralizing activity, and the Lymphocyte Blast Transformation Reaction (LBTR) to assess cell-mediated immunity. Results: Both formulations exhibited high stability at 4 °C. Mean droplet diameters were 157 ± 3 nm (animal-derived) and 149 ± 3 nm (plant-derived), which were smaller than the commercial reference (174 ± 4 nm). Zeta potential values (-35 to -39 mV) confirmed robust colloidal stability. Immunization elicited potent responses; no statistically significant differences were observed between the two squalene sources regarding specific IgG titers (GM = 126 267) or virus-neutralizing activity (VNA GM = 640 vs 452.5, p > 0.05). Cellular immunity was induced by both adjuvants, yielding Proliferation Stimulation Index (PSI) values of 3.11 for the plant-derived formulation and 2.10 for the animal-derived variant. Conclusion: Plant-derived squalene from amaranth oil is a highly effective, sustainable alternative to shark-derived components, providing comparable stability and immunogenic potency for vaccine delivery. Keywords: pharmaceutical compositions, adjuvants, squalene, amaranth oil, nanoemulsions, virus-like particles, VLPs, vaccine formulations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maria M. Silaenkova , Timur M. Garaev; Ilya I. Yudin; Oleg V. Ledenev , Olesya V. Eliseeva, Oleg E. Latyshev, Anton V. Syroeshkin , Tatyana V. Grebennikova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nanocarriers for Brain Targeting: Overcoming the Blood-Brain Barrier in Neuropharmacology
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective physiological barrier that protects the central nervous system from harmful substances while maintaining brain homeostasis. However, the BBB significantly limits the delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain, creating major challenges in the treatment of neurological disorders. Conventional drug delivery systems often fail to achieve sufficient drug concentrations in brain tissues due to poor permeability, enzymatic degradation, and systemic elimination. Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome BBB-related limitations and improve targeted brain delivery. Nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, metallic nanoparticles, and polymeric micelles offer enhanced drug stability, improved bioavailability, prolonged circulation time, controlled drug release, and targeted delivery to diseased brain tissues. These systems can cross the BBB through receptor-mediated transcytosis, adsorptive-mediated transcytosis, carrier-mediated transport, and temporary BBB modulation. Surface modification with ligands, peptides, antibodies, and polymers further enhances targeting efficiency and therapeutic outcomes. Nanocarrier-based approaches have shown promising applications in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and brain tumours. Despite substantial progress, challenges related to toxicity, immunogenicity, scalability, regulatory approval, and long-term safety remain significant concerns. This review discusses the structure and functions of the BBB, mechanisms of nanocarrier transport across the BBB, different classes of nanocarriers, therapeutic applications in neuropharmacology, recent advancements, current limitations, and future perspectives in brain-targeted nanomedicine. Keywords: Blood-brain barrier, Nanocarriers, Brain targeting, Neuropharmacology, Nanomedicine, Nanoparticles, Drug delivery systems
Copyright (c) 2026 H V Nishanth , S Tejaswini, Sharuq Devoor, Calvin Joyson, H M Sneha, K Spoorthi, K M Laharika , Hemanth Kumar Dasappa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Critical Analytical Review of Charkokta Jwarahara Mahakashay: Classical Foundations and Contemporary Pharmacological Correlation
Jwara (fever) occupies a central position in Ayurvedic nosology due to its systemic impact on metabolic, physiological, and psychological equilibrium. In the Charak Samhita, Acharya Charaka classified medicinal substances into fifty Mahakashayas based on similarity of pharmacodynamic action, among which the jwarahara Mahakashaya is described as the thirty-ninth group, comprising ten drugs: Sariva, Sharkara, Patha, Manjistha, Draksha, Peelu, Parushaka, Abhaya, Amalaki, and Vibhitaki. This review critically evaluates identity, phytochemical composition, and modern pharmacological evidence to establish the scientific rationale for this grouping. The integrated analysis reveals that Jwarahara Mahakashaya represents a rational, stage-specific, and synergetic therapeutic cluster designed to address Ama pachana, Strotoshodhana, Pittashamana, and immunomodulation in Jwara. The classical concepts correlate meaningfully with contemporary biomedical understanding of fever as an inflammatory and immune-mediated process. Keywords: Jwara, Jwarahara Mahakashaya, Rasapanchaka, Immunomodulation
Copyright (c) 2026 Prasenjit K. More , Smita Rai , Suwarna A. Meshram https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Design, Development and Evaluation of Nimesulide-Loaded Nanosponges for Compression into Fast Dissolving Tablets to Enhance Solubility and Dissolution Rate
The present study aimed to design, develop, and evaluate Nimesulide-loaded nanosponges incorporated into fast dissolving tablets to enhance solubility and dissolution rate. Nimesulide, a BCS Class II non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, suffers from poor aqueous solubility leading to limited dissolution and bioavailability. To overcome this limitation, nanosponges were prepared by the emulsion solvent diffusion method using ethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol. The optimized formulation exhibited a particle size of 180 ± 5.2 nm, PDI of 0.21, and zeta potential of -28.6 ± 1.4 mV, indicating uniformity and stability. SEM analysis confirmed a porous, sponge-like structure suitable for drug entrapment. The optimized nanosponges were further compressed into fast dissolving tablets using direct compression with suitable excipients. Pre-compression studies indicated good flow properties, while post-compression evaluation showed acceptable weight variation, friability (0.48%), hardness (3.8 ± 0.4 kg/cm²), and high drug content (98.6 ± 1.2%). The tablets exhibited rapid wetting and dispersion times, confirming fast disintegration characteristics. In vitro dissolution studies demonstrated enhanced drug release, with 98% release achieved within 45 minutes. The results indicate that nanosponge-based fast dissolving tablets significantly improve the solubility, dissolution rate, and potential bioavailability of Nimesulide. This approach provides an effective and patient-friendly strategy for delivering poorly water-soluble drugs with improved therapeutic performance. Keywords: Nimesulide, Nanosponges, Fast Dissolving Tablets, Solubility Enhancement, Dissolution Rate, BCS Class II Drug.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sahil Ansari , Pradeepa Ganesan , Shruti A Khandke , Vaishnavi Vanasakrithmath , K. Sandhiya, Soham M. Naik Gaonkar , Divya Vivek Donage , C K Anusha , Ganavi Maheshappa Halageri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
To develop and evaluate a Carbopol-based hydrogel containing Moringa oleifera root extract for antioxidant and antimicrobial diabetic wound management
Background: Diabetic wounds are characterized by oxidative stress and infection, leading to delayed healing. Objective: To develop a Carbopol-based hydrogel incorporating Moringa oleifera root extract. Methods: Hydrogel formulations (F1–F6) were prepared and evaluated for physicochemical properties, drug release, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Results: Batch F4 showed optimal pH (6.2), viscosity (15800 cP), and 98% drug release within 6 hours. Release followed Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetics (R² = 0.9864), indicating non-Fickian diffusion. The formulation exhibited significant antioxidant (~70%) and antimicrobial activity (24 mm zone). Conclusion: The developed hydrogel demonstrates strong potential for diabetic wound management. Keywords: Carbopol hydrogel, Moringa oleifera, diabetic wound, antioxidant, antimicrobial, drug release
Copyright (c) 2026 Pratik Sanjeev Gunale, Aditya Uttam Waghmare, Kiran C. Rodage, Sameer Shafi, V.M. Dharashive, Kavita Shivkumar Sirgire https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Hulba (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.): A Comprehensive Unani Drug Review Integrating Classical Literature, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities, Therapeutic Applications, and Contemporary Scientific Evidence
Objective(s): To critically review Hulba (Fenugreek; Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) in the light of classical Unani literature and contemporary scientific evidence, with emphasis on its temperament (mizāj), vernacular names, parts used, doses, correctives, substitutes, compound formulations, pharmacological actions, therapeutic applications, phytochemical constituents, and experimentally validated pharmacological activities. Data Sources: Classical Unani texts, including Al Jāmiʿ li-Mufradāt al-Adwiya wa al-Aghdhiya, Muḥīṭ-i-Aʿẓam, Khazāʾin al-Adwiya, Al-Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb, and standard CCRUM publications, were consulted. Contemporary literature was retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Study Selection: Relevant English, Arabic, Persian, and Urdu sources describing the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical studies of Trigonella foenum-graecum, published up to February 2026, were critically screened and synthesized. Summary of Contents: Hulba is classified in Unani medicine as predominantly hot and dry and is widely used as a carminative, tonic, aphrodisiac, galactagogue, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, laxative, and antidiabetic drug. Classical indications include diabetes, dyspepsia, flatulence, arthritis, asthma, amenorrhoea, leucorrhoea, anemia, wounds, and skin disorders. Phytochemical investigations reveal galactomannan, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, trigonelline, diosgenin, steroidal saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids as principal bioactive constituents. Experimental and clinical studies confirm significant hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory effects. Conclusion: The convergence of classical Unani descriptions and contemporary scientific findings supports Hulba as a scientifically validated medicinal and functional food with considerable potential in evidence-based and integrative healthcare. Further standardized clinical trials and mechanistic studies are warranted. Keywords: Hulba; Trigonella foenum-graecum; Fenugreek; Unani Medicine; Phytochemistry; Pharmacological Activities; Therapeutic Uses; Herbal Medicine
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohd Mushfiq , Tabassum Latafat , Mursaleen Naseer , Jamal Azmat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis) Herbal Soap for Anti‑Acne Activity
Acne vulgaris is a common inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit, associated with Cutibacterium acnes proliferation, excess sebum production, and inflammation. This study aims to formulate and evaluate a Pot marigold (Calendula officinalis) herbal soap as a safer, plant-based alternative to conventional anti-acne products. Petals rich in flavonoids, carotenoids, and triterpenoids were used as infused oil or hydroalcoholic extract and incorporated into a soap base of olive oil, coconut oil, and palm oil or shea butter using cold-process saponification. The formulated soap was evaluated for physicochemical properties such as appearance, color, pH, hardness, lather quality, and stability during curing. Antimicrobial activity was tested against C. acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis using agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration methods. Antioxidant activity (DPPH assay) and anti-inflammatory screening were also performed to support the mechanism of action.1 A preliminary skin tolerability study was conducted on acne-prone volunteers using the soap twice daily for 2–4 weeks, with lesion count and irritation recorded. Results showed that the calendula-based soap exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against acne-related bacteria, along with moderate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It also demonstrated good acceptability with minimal irritation. These findings suggest that Pot marigold herbal soap has promising potential as a mild and effective topical anti-acne cleansing agent. Keywords: Acne vulgaris, Anti-oxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Natural Cosmetics, Skin tolerablility
Copyright (c) 2026 Gauri V. Darekar , Prajkta A. Kate https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Integrative Review of Nail Disorders: Correlating Unani Concepts with Contemporary Clinical and Dermatological Frameworks
Background: Nails have important functional and cosmetic roles, and their alterations may indicate underlying local or systemic diseases. Nail disorders can significantly affect quality of life. In Unani medicine, nails (Aẓfār) are regarded as important diagnostic indicators with both aesthetic and pathological significance, reflecting underlying humoral imbalances (Akhlāṭ), alterations in temperament (Mizāj), and nutritional deficiencies; however, their correlation with contemporary dermatological concepts remains limited. Objective: To analyse classical Unani descriptions of nail disorders and correlate them with contemporary dermatological entities. Methods: An integrative literature review was conducted using the Whittemore and Knafl framework and reported as per PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Data were obtained from PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and classical Unani texts including Al-Qānūn fi’l Ṭib, Kitab al-Mansoori and Kāmil al-Ṣanā‘a etcs. Relevant studies were analysed using thematic and comparative synthesis. Results: Unani literature describes nail disorders such as Ẓufra Ṭalqiyya, Namash al-Aẓfār, Judhām al-Aẓfār, Tashaqquq al-Aẓfār, Taqallu‘al-Aẓfār, and Dākhis, presenting with discoloration, brittleness, deformity, and inflammation. These are mainly attributed to Sawdāwī predominance and nutritional defects. Modern correlations include brittle nail syndrome, leukonychia, onychomycosis, nail dystrophy, onycholysis, paronychia, and subungual hematoma. Conclusion: A substantial conceptual overlap exists between Unani and modern dermatology. Integrating both perspectives may enhance diagnosis and holistic management of nail disorders. Keywords: Nail disorder, Integrative Dermatology, Onychomycosis, Onychpathies, Unani medicine, Nail dystrophy
Copyright (c) 2026 Shaikh Mohammad Aatif Afzal , Khan Shahina Bano Mohd Vakeel , Madeena Kausar , Mohd Arshad Jamal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of Bilayer tablet of Lisinopril and Gliclazide for Diabetic Hypertension
Bilayer tablet technology offers an effective approach for the management of chronic diseases requiring combination therapy. The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of bilayer tablets containing Lisinopril and Gliclazide for the treatment of hypertension associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The objective of the study was to develop a formulation providing immediate release of Lisinopril for rapid antihypertensive action and sustained release of Gliclazide for prolonged glycemic control. Bilayer tablets were prepared by direct compression method using different concentrations of superdisintegrants and matrix forming polymers such as Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC), Hydroxypropyl Cellulose (HPC), Hydroxyethyl Cellulose (HEC) and Ethyl Cellulose (EC). Precompression parameters including angle of repose, bulk density, Carr’s index and Hausner ratio were found within acceptable pharmacopeial limits, indicating good flowability and compressibility of powder blends. Postcompression evaluation showed satisfactory hardness (3.40–3.83 kg/cm²), friability below 1%, uniform thickness and acceptable drug content. The optimized immediate release formulation CC8 showed 96.65% drug release of Lisinopril within 30 min, whereas sustained release formulations prolonged the release of Gliclazide for more than 8 h following zero-order kinetics with super case-II transport mechanism. The optimized bilayer tablet formulation BCC8F14 exhibited satisfactory physicochemical properties and desired bimodal drug release profile. Stability studies revealed no significant changes under accelerated conditions. The developed bilayer tablet formulation may improve therapeutic efficacy, patient compliance and effective management of diabetic hypertension. Keywords: Bilayer tablet, Lisinopril, Gliclazide, Immediate release, Sustained release, Diabetic, Hypertension.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anil B. Panchal, Gauri N. Narawade, Sampat D. Navale https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Comprehensive Review on the Morphological, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties of Nigella sativa Linn
Objective(s): The present review aims to comprehensively summarize the traditional, phytochemical, pharmacological, and therapeutic aspects of Nigella sativa Linn. from both modern and Unani perspectives. Data Sources: Relevant literature was collected from classical Unani texts, scientific databases, published review articles, pharmacological studies, and clinical research papers related to Nigella sativa. Study Selection: Published literature describing the historical background, morphology, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, therapeutic uses, dosage, formulations, and correctives of Nigella sativa was included in this review. Summary of Contents: Nigella sativa Linn., commonly known as Black seed, Black cumin, or Kalonji, is widely recognized for its remarkable therapeutic properties and has been extensively used in traditional medicine systems and the food industry. In Tibb-e-Nabwi (Prophetic Medicine), it is regarded as one of the most valued healing remedies. The plant contains several important phytoconstituents including fixed oils, essential oils, proteins, alkaloids, and saponins. Thymoquinone, the major active constituent, is responsible for many of its pharmacological activities. According to Unani literature, Kalonji possesses actions such as carminative, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactagogue, and expectorant effects. Various experimental and clinical studies have reported its antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, bronchodilator, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, gastroprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities. Despite extensive information, consolidated data combining both Unani and modern scientific perspectives remain limited. Conclusion: Nigella sativa is a medicinally significant plant with broad therapeutic potential supported by traditional Unani concepts and contemporary scientific evidence. This review provides comprehensive information regarding its pharmacological importance and therapeutic applications, which may support future research and clinical use. Keywords: Nigella sativa Linn., Healing Medicine, Kalonji, Thymoquinone, Prophetic Medicine, Anti-inflammatory, Unani Medicine
Copyright (c) 2026 Mehar Fatima, Mohammad Rashid, Md. Moiz Alam, Zarin Fatima https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analytical Study of Terminalia catappa L. Seeds from Central India: A Pharmacognostic, HPTLC, and FTIR-Based Approach
Background- Terminalia catappa L., widely recognized in traditional medicine, has demonstrated hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. However, phytochemical variability due to geographical differences hampers its standardization. This study aimed to establish a pharmacognostic and phytochemical profile of T. catappa seeds from the Central Indian Deccan Plateau, integrating modern spectroscopic and chromatographic tools. Method- Mature seeds were collected from Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, and authenticated. Pharmacognostic evaluations included transverse and powder microscopy, while physicochemical parameters (total ash, extractive values, moisture content) were measured per WHO and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia guidelines. Phytochemical constituents were identified via standardized tests on methanolic and aqueous extracts. Soxhlet extraction estimated total fat content. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) were employed for molecular and marker compound analysis Results-Microscopic analysis revealed characteristic features such as xylem tracheid, oil globules, stone cells, and calcium oxalate crystals. Physicochemical analysis yielded total ash (4.54%), alcohol-soluble extractive (16.39%), and moisture content (2.29%). Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, proteins, and saponins, with notable absence of tannins. HPTLC detected β-sitosterol (255–268.7 µg/mL) with high reproducibility (CV = 3.69%). FTIR spectra revealed functional groups corresponding to phenolics, flavonoids, fatty acids, esters, and proteins. Conclusion-This is the first standardized pharmacopeial profile of T. catappa seeds from Central India. Integration of classical pharmacognosy with FTIR and HPTLC establishes a replicable quality control framework for geographically distinct ecotypes. These findings support the nutraceutical and therapeutic potential of T. catappa seeds and lay the groundwork for future bioactivity validation and industrial application. Keywords: FTIR spectroscopy, HPTLC, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Phytochemical profiling, Terminalia catappa.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arun Kumar , Sumedh Joshi, Deepmala Pathak , Anil Shukla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Hantavirus Infections: Emerging Epidemiological and Therapeutic Challenges, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Management
Objective: To systematically review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and management approaches of hantavirus infections with emphasis on their emerging public health threat. Data Sources: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and WHO/CDC publications. Articles published from 2000 to 2025 were reviewed using the following keywords: "Hantavirus," "HPS," "HFRS," "epidemiology," "pathogenesis," "diagnosis," and "management." Study Selection: Relevant preclinical, clinical, and review articles published in English were selected based on their relevance to hantavirus epidemiology, virology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Studies lacking scientific validation or sufficient data were excluded. Summary of Content: Hantaviruses are zoonotic RNA viruses transmitted by rodents that cause two serious clinical syndromes: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), predominantly in Europe and Asia, and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), predominantly in the Americas. Both syndromes are characterized by increased vascular permeability attributable to immune-mediated endothelial dysfunction, resulting in capillary leak syndrome. Serological tests (ELISA) and molecular methods (RT-PCR) are the cornerstones of laboratory diagnosis. Clinical presentation ranges from mild febrile illness to life-threatening respiratory failure and shock. Intensive supportive care remains the primary mode of management, with ribavirin demonstrating benefit primarily in HFRS patients. Prevention strategies emphasize rodent control and personal protective measures. Conclusion: Hantavirus infections remain significant emerging zoonotic diseases with high mortality rates. Enhanced disease surveillance, improved laboratory diagnostics, integrated rodent control programmes, and accelerated development of effective vaccines and antiviral therapies are essential to mitigate the global disease burden. Keywords: Hantavirus, HPS, HFRS, hemorrhagic fever, rodent-borne infections, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, emerging infectious disease.
viral haemorrhagic feverrodent-borne infections
Copyright (c) 2026 Pooja Bagdi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development and validation of a novel analytical approach based on 2D diffuse light reflection for the quantitative determination of ribavirin in aqueous solutions
Aim: In the present work, an original analytical approach based on two-dimensional diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is proposed for the quantitative determination of ribavirin (RBV) in aqueous solutions with different hydrogen isotopic composition. Materials and methods: The proposed approach is based on the kinetics of diffuse light reflection from a heterogeneous sample surface, followed by chemometric processing of dynamic speckle patterns. Mathematical descriptors analogous to those used in QSAR approaches were calculated and used as analytical parameters, including Wiener (W) and Balaban (J) indices in the Trinajstić modification: d₁, d₂, d₃, as well as two triads of standard deviations sd₁, sd₂, sd₃; r₁, r₂, r₃ (ri = di/sdi). Ribavirin is a synthetic nucleoside analogue with pronounced antiviral activity and acts as an antimetabolite. Results: A correlation was established between the calculated descriptors and ribavirin concentration in the studied aqueous solutions with variations in hydrogen isotopic composition: for BD (r = 0.982) and for DDW (r = 0.997). It was shown that the isotopic composition of water significantly affects the characteristics of the analytical signal, while the use of DDW as a solvent provides higher linearity. The precision of the method is characterized by RSD values of about 7% under repeatability conditions. Conclusion: The obtained results demonstrate the applicability of the analytical approach based on 2D diffuse reflectance in pharmaceutical analysis for the quantitative determination of drug substances in aqueous media. The proposed method is characterized by rapidity, universality, and potential for further development of cost-effective non-destructive analytical control techniques. Keywords: ribavirin; mathematical descriptors; diffuse light reflectance; speckle patterns; chemometrics; QSAR descriptors; isotopic composition of water
Copyright (c) 2026 Ilaha Vagif Kazymova , Rahman Khamzatovich Ushaev , Elena Valeryevna Uspenskaya , Anton Vladimirovich Syroeshkin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Artificial Intelligence in Drug Delivery for Infectious Diseases: A Critical Synthesis of Machine Learning Architectures, PBPK Modeling, and Antimicrobial Resistance
Objective: This paper provides a critical synthesis of the state-of-the-art AI methodologies applied to drug delivery systems for infectious diseases. This review aims to evaluate the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning applications across four convergent pillars of drug delivery for infectious diseases: ML-guided drug formulation optimization; AI-driven targeted drug delivery system design; AI-augmented physiologically based PBPK modeling; ML and deep learning-based antimicrobial resistance profiling and management. Data Sources and Study Selection: A comprehensive systematic search of peer-reviewed literature was conducted using databases including PubMed, Scopus, IEEE and Google Scholar. Search strategies involve combination of keywords such as “machine learning”, “drug delivery”, “antimicrobial resistance”, “deep learning”, “infectious diseases”. Summary of the content of the article: The review aims to systematically map and categorize the principal AI and ML architectures according to their application and performance in drug delivery research. To critically assess the role of ML and DL based computational tools in drug formulation, AMR detection, susceptibility prediction, and resistance, their translational readiness, and contribution to broader AMR management strategies. To synthesize the current evidence on AI-integrated PBPK (Physiologically based Pharmacokinetic) modelling as a mechanism for improving the prediction of pharmacokinetic parameters in drug delivery systems. To identify the principal translational, regulatory, and methodological barriers to clinical deployment of AI-driven drug delivery tools for infectious diseases. Conclusion: Infectious diseases frequently induce rapid, dynamic pathophysiological shifts in the host, complicating precise drug dosing and increasing the risk of therapeutic failure due to antimicrobial resistance. Artificial intelligence represents the most cost-effective methodological advance available to infectious disease drug-delivery research. Deep neural networks and ensemble architectures consistently outperform classical computational models across drug optimization, nanoparticle delivery prediction, and AMR phenotype classification. Hybrid ML-PBPK frameworks achieves 65% accuracy as compared to 47.5% for conventional PBPK models. The transition from static to dynamic AI-enhanced PBPK modeling represents a vital advancement towards precision dosing, offering a robust paradigm to optimize therapeutic indices and improve patient survival rates in severe infections. Keywords: Drug delivery, Drug formulation, Artificial intelligence, Neural Networks, PBPK modelling, Anti-microbial resistance (AMR)
Copyright (c) 2026 Rupinder Preet Kaur , Vaishali Arora , Sanjana Manjh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Implementation and Evaluation of 24-Hours Matured Cold Process Anti-Acne Herbal Soap using Ocimum sanctum and Mentha piperita Peppermint Essential Oil
The present study focuses on the preparation and evaluation of a cold process anti-acne herbal soap matured within 24 hours using natural ingredients such as tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and peppermint essential oil (Mentha piperita). The soap was formulated using vegetable oils including coconut oil, olive oil, and castor oil, along with additives such as sodium lactate, sugar, and salt to reduce curing time. The traditional cold process method usually requires 4–6 weeks of curing; however, this study successfully reduced the maturation time to 24 hours. The prepared soap was evaluated for physicochemical properties such as pH, hardness, foam stability, and antimicrobial activity against acne-causing bacteria like Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The results indicated good performance with effective antimicrobial activity, stable foam formation, and an acceptable pH for skin application. The study concludes that the developed herbal soap is a safe, efficient, and natural alternative to synthetic anti-acne soaps. Keywords: Herbal soap, anti-acne, Ocimum sanctum, peppermint essential oil, cold process, antimicrobial activity.
Copyright (c) 2026 M Kannahi, G Iswarya , S Kamali , S Madhumidha , B Manimozhi , N Najibah Banu , R Santhoshini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Present Developments and Prospects for Natural Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems and Patient-Friendly Formulations
Natural polymer-based drug delivery systems have gained significant attention in pharmaceutical research due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, affordability, and eco-friendly nature. Derived from plant, animal, microbial, and marine sources, these polymers play an important role in developing advanced and patient-friendly formulations. Commonly used natural polymers include sodium alginate, pectin, guar gum, xanthan gum, gelatin, chitosan, starch, and psyllium husk. Their unique properties such as swelling, gel formation, mucoadhesion, viscosity enhancement, and controlled drug release make them suitable for various drug delivery systems including fast-dissolving tablets, sustained-release formulations, hydrogels, nanoparticles, microbeads, and in situ gels. These systems improve therapeutic efficacy, enhance drug stability, reduce side effects, and increase patient compliance, especially in pediatric, geriatric, and dysphagic patients. The uses of natural polymers in pharmaceutical sciences have been further increased by recent developments in nanotechnology, smart hydrogels, mucoadhesive systems, targeted drug delivery, AI-assisted formulation optimization, and 3D printing. Their industrial use is nevertheless restricted by problems such batch-to-batch variability, microbiological contamination, inadequate mechanical strength, stability concerns, and lack of standardization, despite their many benefits. Therefore, maintaining product safety and reproducibility requires appropriate purification, quality control, and regulatory review. Future projections show that natural polymers will be increasingly integrated with intelligent drug delivery systems, green pharmaceutical technology, and personalized treatment. All things considered, natural polymers present a promising platform for the creation of pharmaceutical formulations that are patient-centered, safe, and sustainable and have a great deal of potential for therapeutic uses in the future. Keywords: Drug delivery techniques; natural polymers; Biodegradable polymers; patient-friendly formulations; Smart hydrogels and regulated medication release
Copyright (c) 2026 Shiv Kumar Srivastava , Mahesh Prasad , Shashi Shankar , Anant Prakash Pandey, Abhishek Singh , Antesh Kumar Jha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Physicochemical Evaluation of Herbal Cold Cream
As the global cosmetic industry shifts toward sustainable and bioactive alternatives, there is a growing demand for products that offer therapeutic benefits without the adverse effects of synthetic chemicals. The primary objective of this research was to develop a stable emollient that provides antimicrobial protection, deep hydration, and skin barrier restoration. The formulation and evaluation of an herbal cold cream incorporating a synergistic blend of eight natural and medicinal ingredients: Neem oil, Almond oil, Olive oil, Beeswax, Borax, Liquid paraffin, Tulsi extract, and Rose oil. The formulation utilizes the potent antibacterial and antifungal properties of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum), which contain active compounds like azadirachtin and eugenol to manage acne and minor skin infections. To ensure intense moisturization, Almond and Olive oils were integrated for their high concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, which combat oxidative stress and sun damage. The preparation followed a systematic heating and emulsification process, where the oil phase (wax and paraffin) and the aqueous phase (borax and water) were blended at 75°C. Rose oil was added as a final step to provide a natural fragrance and restore the skin’s physiological pH balance. The resulting herbal cold cream offers a comprehensive skincare solution that bridges traditional botanical wisdom with modern dermatological requirements, providing a safe, effective, and nutrient-rich alternative to conventional synthetic creams.The prepared formulation was evaluated for morphological and physiological characteristics, pH, stability, spreadability, and skin irritation. The formulation demonstrated good physical appearance, homogeneity and stability. Keywords: Phytochemicals, Extraction, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Polyherbal
Copyright (c) 2026 Prashant Purohit , Gurudev , Sobha Lakhara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ethics of AI in Patient Recruitment and Diversity
By 2026, global clinical research has seen a shift from voluntary diversity programs to mandatory regulation. This report examines the ethical and technical issues at the interface of artificial intelligence (AI) and demographic representation in trial enrollment. In the U.S. under the Food and Drug Administration's Diversity Action Plans and in India's New Drugs and Clinical Trials (NDCT) Rules of 2026, sponsors must now demonstrate that trial groups reflect the real-world diversity of the intended patient population.1, 2, 3 AI tools like TrialGPT and DocTr have emerged as key solutions, reporting up to 98.7% reduction in screening time and a 58% improvement in matching quality through analysis of large electronic health record (EHR) datasets.4, 5, 6 However, these technologies introduce significant ethical concerns, including "black box" epistemic opacity and algorithmic bias that can institutionalize healthcare inequalities.7, 8, 17 A persistent digital divide also excludes groups that lack high-speed connectivity or digital literacy.9, 10 This paper argues that although AI is central to achieving large-scale diversity in clinical research results, it must be implemented within governance frameworks such as the EU AI Act and WHO ethical guidelines, which guarantee human oversight, transparency, and data justice.10, 11, 12, 13 We recommend adherence to PRISMA 2020 reporting standards to ensure methodological rigor in the evaluation of AI-based recruitment interventions.12, 14 Keywords: Ethics, Clinical Trials, Patient Recruitment, Diversity, Artificial Intelligence, Bioethical
Copyright (c) 2026 Neeraj Singh Kholiya, Abhijeet Ojha , Arun Kumar Singh , Vikas Bhatt https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ethnobotanical study and safety assessment of medicinal plants from Guiriko region of Burkina Faso used for their doping properties
The use of medicinal plants remains an essential practice in sub-Saharan Africa, where they constitute a major therapeutic and socio-cultural resource objective of the study was to investigate medicinal plants used for doping in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso. Methods: To do this, a semi-structured ethnobotanical survey was first conducted among traditional practitioners. Phytochemical compositions of the plants were analyzed using spectrophotometry. Finally, the acute toxicity of the doping plants was studied by administering a single dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight to NRMI mice, which were observed for 14 days. Results: A total of 50 traditional practitioners and herbalists were interviewed and 25 plants species belonging to 17 botanical families were identified. Based on the frequency of citation, the species Martynia annua Lin (Martyniaceae), Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen (Polygalaceae), and Leptadenia hastata (Pesr.) Decne (Asclepiadaceae) were selected for further study. The leaves (55.13%) and root bark (21.79%) were the most used parts. The phytochemical study revealed the presence of phenolic compounds such as polyphenols, total flavonoids and tannins. The extracts exhibited antioxidant activity. The toxicity test of hydroethanolic extracts of M. annua and L. hastata species in mice established an LD50 indicates no toxicity. Conclusions: This study showed that, in addition to using medicinal plants for healing, the local population also uses them for other purposes. Keywords: Ethnobotany, Performance-enhancing plants, Phytochemistry, Safety, Burkina Faso
Copyright (c) 2026 Clarisse Ouédraogo , Windmi Kagambéga , Hadidiatou Belem , Isaac Saamou Boni , Franck Le Sage Téounviel Somda , Sami E. Kam , Eliasse Zongo , Zacharia Kabré , Emmanuel Zongo , Benjamin K. Koama , Samson Guenné , Nabéré Ouattara, Roland N.T. Meda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mom Asli (Beeswax): A Review of Its Unani Perspective, Pharmacological Actions, Therapeutic Uses, and Scientific Studies
Mom Asli (Beeswax) is a natural wax of animal origin produced by honey bees of the genus Apis. Since ancient times, it has been widely utilized in traditional medicine, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical preparations because of its therapeutic and healing properties. In Unani medicine, Mom Asli is regarded as an important medicinal substance possessing anti-inflammatory, analgesic, wound-healing, cicatrizing, and emollient effects. Classical Unani physicians, including Ibn Sina (Avicenna), recommended its use in the management of arthritis, thoracic pain, gastric disorders, hemorrhoids, ulcers, dry cough, and menorrhagia. Chemically, beeswax consists primarily of esters of fatty acids and long-chain alcohols, along with hydrocarbons and other minor constituents. It is characterized by a pleasant honey-like odour, low melting point, and soft consistency. Modern scientific investigations have validated several of its traditional uses by demonstrating anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, anti-hemorrhoidal, and wound-healing activities. Mom Asli is also an important ingredient in numerous Unani formulations, including ointments, creams, pastes, and Qairooti preparations. Despite its extensive use in traditional and contemporary medicine, further experimental and clinical studies are required to explore its therapeutic potential, safety profile, and mechanisms of action comprehensively. Keywords: Mom Asli, Beeswax, Unani Medicine, Anti-inflammatory Activity, Pharmacological Activities, Traditional Medicine, Wound Healing
Copyright (c) 2026 Nazish Mahmood , Mohd. Ali , Abdur Rauf, Abdullah , Yasmeen Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Study on Expenditure of Health Care Incurred by Diabetes Patients Attending a Diabetes Centre
Many socio-economic factors and health care delivery-related issues impact the outcome of diabetes and consequently the costs and vice versa. Those with higher education, higher income and actively working people are diagnosed earlier because of better awareness, affordability and the need to remain fit to earn a livelihood for the family. The objective of this study was to assess the average annual expenditure for management of diabetes and its complications. According to the study objectives, various variables, including dependent and independent variables, as well as medical and non-medical care expenses, were considered. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was followed in this study and primary data was collected through questionnaire and interview methods. The data was collected from diabetic patients attending a diabetes centre in a hospital. The sample size was limited to 200 respondents. The majority of respondents belonged to the age group of 50–59 years. Among the respondents, 44.5 percent were male and 55.5 percent were female. In terms of religion, 59.5 percent were Hindus, 28 percent were Christians and 12.5 percent were Muslims. About 30.5 percent of the respondents were housewives. The present study shows that a patient with or without complications had spent an average of Rs. 4390 per year within a range of Rs. 720 to Rs. 55946 per annum. Out of the total respondents, 25 percent of the patients had spent up to Rs. 2440 while another 25 percent spent over Rs. 17435 annually. There were wide variations in the expenditure pattern. The major portion of expenditure was on diet followed by treatment of complications. Patients with complications spent more compared to those without complications. The study highlights that the annual expenses on diabetic treatment increase with medical and non-medical costs such as consultation charges, medical expenses, blood examination charges and hospitalization expenses. Regular check-ups and medication are therefore essential for reducing complications and minimizing the economic burden of diabetes. Keywords: expenditure for management of diabetes, consultation charges, medical expenses, blood examination charges and hospitalisation expenses
blood examination charges and hospitalisation expenses
Copyright (c) 2026 Champak Kumar Singh , Sanjeev Kumar , Rama Devi Pahari Gyawali , Shirjana Shrestha , Ram Bahadur Shrestha, Hemank K C https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.: A Comprehensive Review of its Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses, and Pharmacological Profile
Objective(s): Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub., also referred to as the “Flame of the Forest” or “Plash,” is a highly prized medicinal plant that is frequently used in Ayurvedic and Unani traditional Indian medical systems. The goal of this thorough review is to methodically summarize the phytochemistry, pharmacognostic traits, botanical profile, and numerous pharmacological activities of its different sections, such as the flowers, leaves, seeds, stem, and bark. Data sources for Study selection: Literature from various scientific databases was reviewed. Summary of contents of the article: Important secondary metabolites such alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, and isoflavones are identified by phytochemical analyses. Significant antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anthelmintic, wound healing, and osteoprotective benefits are among the many therapeutic qualities that these bioactive components are principally responsible for. Additionally, this analysis provides a fair scientific viewpoint by highlighting the safety profile and possible toxicity linked to the long-term ingestion of several plant parts. Conclusion: This study offers a strong basis for future researchers to investigate Butea monosperma for the creation of safe, standardized, and efficient commercial treatments by bridging the gap between traditional ethnomedical claims and contemporary pharmacological data. Keywords: Butea monosperma, Fabaceae, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological activity, Palash, Traditional medicine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anushka Mandale , Gayatri Wankhade , Nikita Kaware , Akash S. Jumble , Abhijit S. Raut , Harigopal S. Sawarkar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Qualitative phytochemical screening and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of Raphionacme brownii Scott-Elliot (Apocynaceae)
Our study involved a qualitative phytochemical analysis and an evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activities of Raphionacme brownii tubers . To achieve these objectives, we employed several methods. Secondary metabolites were analyzed qualitatively. Anti-inflammatory activities were tested by inhibition of albumin denaturation, an antihemolytic assay, and inhibition of proteinase and lipoxygenase enzymes. Our results showed that the qualitative analysis revealed the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and sugars. The strongest capacity of the plant to inhibit albumin denaturation was observed in the aqueous extract (78.24 ± 0.17 µg/ml). The aqueous extract (3.16 ± 0.02 µg/ml) also exhibited rapid inhibition of proteinase. The aqueous extract (2.44 ± 0.016 µg/ml) inhibited lipoxygenase more rapidly than diclofenac. The capacity of R. brownii tubers to inhibit heat-induced hemolysis was higher in the methanol extract (3.35 ± 0.005 µg/ml). However, the different extracts showed rapid but weak anti-inflammatory activity compared to diclofenac. The richness in bioactive compounds and the anti-inflammatory activity could justify the traditional use of Raphionacme brownii against cardiovascular diseases. Keywords: Raphionacme brownii , phytochemical screening, anti-inflammatory
Copyright (c) 2026 Ngounbe Rilengar Léon , Guedeungbe Zoufane , Ambera Halsouakar , Brahim Boy Otchom https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antibiotic- Resistant Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus amongst Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Paauth, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria
Antimicrobials are drugs or medicines, including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics, used to prevent and treat infectious diseases in humans, animals, and plants. This study is aimed at determining the Antibiotic – Resistant Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus among Pregnant Women Attending Prince Abubakar Audu University Teaching Hospital, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria. One hundred and eighty-two (182) ‘catch clean’ midstream urine samples were aseptically collected and analyzed using standard bacteriological and biochemical Techniques. Of the 182 urine samples analyzed, 65 showed significant mix microbial growth indicating 35.7%[65/182]. 44 samples were confirmed to be Staphylococcus aureus (24.2%[44/182). 13 antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients in the hospital were tested on the forty-four (44) S. aureus isolates. Ampicillin (29.5%) 13/44, Cotrimoxazole (38.6%) 17/44, Erythromycin (47.7%)21/44, Tetracycline (43.2%) 19/44, Cefotaxime (29.5%) 13/44, Ciprofloxacin (31.8%) 14/44, Ofloxacin (40.9%) 18/44, Streptomycin (43.2%) 19/44, Roxithromycin (31.8) 14/44, Cloxacillin (36.4%) 16/44, Gentamycin (31.8%) 14/44, Levofloxacin (27.3%) 12/44 and Cefoxitine (56.8%) 25/44. MARI = 215/ (13× 44) = 215/ 572 = 0.37. Keywords: Antibiotic Resistant Pattern, Staphylococcus aureus, Pregnant Women
Copyright (c) 2026 Stephen Omanawo Anawo, Simon Peterside Onuche Akogu , Anthony Oladele Nayo , Christian Ebere Nwachukwu , Godwin Ojonimi Agamah , Sanni Okino Umar, Timothy Ojonimi Omede https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of Anxiety and Depression among Inpatients at a Healthcare Facility in Aligarh: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study
Introduction: Depression is a multifaceted medical condition that significantly impacts an individual’s ability to navigate daily life. Recognised as one of the most prevalent mental health disorders, depression manifests through persistent feelings of inadequacy, hopelessness, negativity, anhedonia (loss of pleasure), and profound sadness. These symptoms often lead to severe disruption in an individual’s life, and in extreme cases, may result in suicide attempts or fatalities. Diagnosis hinges on assessing the presence and intensity of symptoms over time. The origins of psychiatric understanding trace back to Hippocrates (460–377 B.C.), considered the father of medicine, who laid the foundational insights into mental disorders. Additionally, the Unani system of medicine offers a unique perspective, highlighting mizaj (temperament) as a key risk factor influencing various disorders, including depression, historically referred to as Malenkholiya. Symptoms of depression, according to DSM-5 classification, include changes in mood, persistent sadness, disrupted sleep patterns, difficulty concentrating, feelings of guilt or low self-esteem, fluctuations in appetite, and thoughts of suicide. Methodology: To find out the level of anxiety and depression, a hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted between October–December 2024. Patients were selected through stratified systematic random sampling. Data were collected using a semi-structured proforma and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), a validated screening tool for hospital settings. Results: The result shows that 35% had normal mood levels, 55% showed borderline depression, and 10% had depression. 45% were normal on the Anxiety scale, while 40% were borderline, and 15% were confirmed with Anxiety. Females (66.67%) experienced anxiety more than males (33.33%). Discussion: This study highlights the high prevalence of anxiety and depression among hospitalised patients, influenced by various biological, psychological, social, and economic factors. Women exhibited higher anxiety levels, and a significant proportion of patients showed borderline or clinical symptoms, emphasising the need for routine psychological assessments. A holistic approach integrating modern medicine and traditional perspectives like Unani medicine can enhance patient well-being and recovery outcomes. Keywords: Anxiety, Black bile (Sauda), Depression, Inpatients, Malenkholiya, Unani Medicine
Copyright (c) 2026 Nazia Sadaf, Ammar Ibne Anwar , Abdul Aziz Khan, Zarin Fatima, Heena Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimization and Characterization of Chlorthalidone Bilayer Tablets for Chronotherapeutic Pulsatile Drug Release
Pulsatile Drug Delivery System (PDDS) is defined as the rapid and transient release of drug molecules within a short time period immediately after a predetermined lag (off release) period. Blood pressure exhibits a well-documented circadian surge in the early morning hours — a window associated with peak cardiovascular morbidity. Chlorthalidone, a BCS Type-II thiazide-like diuretic with a plasma half-life of 40–60 hours, was selected as the model drug for a chronopharmacological pulsatile formulation. Nine bilayer press-coated tablet formulations (CHT-A through CHT-I) were prepared using Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose K100M (HPMC) as the hydrophilic swelling polymer and Ethyl Cellulose (EC) as the hydrophobic rupturable membrane at varying weight ratios. Preformulation studies — including ATR-IR spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and powder flow characterization — confirmed drug identity, thermal behaviour, and excipient compatibility. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was employed to characterize surface morphology. The core tablet exhibited a disintegration time of 185 seconds and 95.8% drug content. Formulation CHT-G (HPMC 150 mg: EC 250 mg) demonstrated the optimal 6-hour lag time followed by a burst release of 83.20% at hour 7. Korsmeyer-Peppas modelling (R² = 0.8545; n = 2.2082) identified super case-II swelling-controlled transport as the dominant release mechanism. The developed system offers a clinically promising chronopharmacological strategy for the management of morning-surge hypertension. Keywords: Pulsatile Drug Delivery; Chlorthalidone; Bilayer Tablet; HPMC; Ethyl Cellulose; DSC; SEM; Lag Time; Chronopharmacology; Hypertension
Copyright (c) 2026 Moulindu Mondal , Deepannita Roy Mukherjee , Dona Biswas, Pinki Biswas, Saikat Santra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Initial Experience with a Novel 21-Day Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetic Patients: A Two-Center Initial Accuracy Evaluation
Abstract _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Background. All currently marketed factory-calibrated continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems are licensed for a maximum wear time of 14 days. We report the first clinical experience with the Perlanova (Instara-1) CGM system, a factory-calibrated device with an extended 21-day sensor wear time, in a pediatric population with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods. In a two-center retrospective evaluation, sensors were applied to pediatric T1D patients aged 4–18 years and worn for up to 21 days. CGM readings were compared against contemporaneous capillary (fingerstick) self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) reference values. Paired data points were generated by matching each reference measurement to the nearest CGM value within a predefined time window. The primary endpoint was the overall mean absolute relative difference (MARD); secondary endpoints included the MARD trajectory across the 21-day wear period, MARD stratified by glycaemic range, Bland–Altman agreement, and consensus error-grid distribution. Results. A total of 1,523 paired data points from 32 pediatric T1D patients (median age 13 years, range 4–18) were analysed. Using a ±10-minute matching window, the overall MARD was 8.6% (median absolute relative difference 3.8%). Point-of-care agreement was high (87.5% within ±15/15 and 93.1% within ±20/20). CGM and reference glucose were strongly correlated (r = 0.963), and 98.9% of paired points fell within consensus error-grid zones A+B. Bland–Altman analysis showed a small negative bias (−5.9 mg/dL; 95% limits of agreement −50.2 to +38.4 mg/dL). Accuracy was preserved throughout the 21-day wear period, with daily MARD remaining largely within the 5–8% band and no progressive deterioration before day 21. Conclusion. This first-in-class experience indicates that the 21-day Perlanova CGM system provides clinically acceptable accuracy in pediatric T1D patients, maintained across the full extended wear period. These preliminary findings support larger confirmatory studies using a venous/YSI reference standard. Keywords: continuous glucose monitoring; type 1 diabetes; pediatrics; MARD; sensor accuracy; extended wear; telemedicine
Copyright (c) 2026 Erdal Eren , Cemal Aslan , Burhan Küçük , Tayfun Aybek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enhancement of in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous leaf extract of Xanthium strumarium L. through encapsulation in chitosan nanoparticles
Xanthium strumarium L. (Asteraceae) is a medicinally important plant widely documented for its anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic and anti-rhinitis activities. Chitosan is a noteworthy versatile, biopolymer in drug delivery due to its biocompatibility and efficacy in controlled drug release. The aim of the present investigation was to encapsulate aqueous leaf extract of X. strumarium (XS-ALE) using chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs), determine the in vitro drug release kinetics and to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity using various in vitro assays. The XS-ALE encapsulated CSNPs (XS-ALE CSNPs) were synthesized and their entrapment efficiency, drug release percentage, drug release kinetics, various characterization studies such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, zetapotential and anti-inflammatory activity were assessed. The concentration (5µg/mL) with maximum entrapment efficiency percentage (64.80%) was selected for further drug release, characterization and anti-inflammatory assays. In vitro drug release studies demonstrated a controlled and sustained drug release of 70.96% within 3.5 hours. The drug release kinetics fit in to the Higuchi model, exhibiting a high correlation coefficient (R² = 0.97), which suggests a diffusion-regulated release mechanism. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis confirmed the presence of characteristic functional groups accountable to both chitosan and the plant extract. XS-ALE CSNPs showed irregular morphology with a positive charge of +32.7 mV. XS-ALE CSNPs showed the highest percentage inhibition for both protein denaturation (79%) and proteinase inhibitory (82.46%) compared to CSNPs and the reference drugs. The outcomes of the study suggested the efficacy of using XS-ALE CSNPs at minimal concentrations as a potent biocompatible and eco-friendly anti-inflammatory agent. Keywords: Xanthium strumarium, chitosan nanoparticles, anti-inflammatory activity, drug release kinetics
Copyright (c) 2026 Gunachitra Pannerselvam 1, Sradha Sajeev , Kavimani Thangasamy , Kayalvizhi Duraisamy , Natesan Geetha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Comparison Between Prophylactic Agents for Vestibular Migraine and Its Prescribing Patterns
Introduction: Vestibular migraine (VM) is a neurological condition characterized by recurrent vertigo episodes associated with migraine symptoms. These may include headache, sensitivity to light and sound, and visual aura. Though VM may or may not present with head pain, its impact on balance and motion perception significantly affects quality of life. Diagnosing VM is challenging due to overlap with other vestibular disorders. Aim: To compare the efficacy and prescribing patterns of various prophylactic agents in reducing attack frequency, improving quality of life, and mitigating vestibular symptoms in patients diagnosed with vestibular migraine. Objectives: Primary objective is to assess the reduction in episode frequency, duration, and severity, improving the overall quality of life. Secondary objective is to identify the extent of relief from vestibular and headache symptoms, and analyze the prescription trends across agents like Propranolol, Amitriptyline, Topiramate, Sodium Valproate, and Flunarizine. Methodology: Diagnosis of VM requires clinical evaluation and exclusion of other disorders. Management is personalized, with topiramate, propranolol, and flunarizine providing symptom relief-topiramate being most effective for headaches. Vestibular rehab aids patients with anxiety or motion sensitivity. Results: VM predominantly affected women (70%), especially in the 28–37 age group, with headache and giddiness as common symptoms. Triggers included sleep deprivation, stress, light sensitivity, and menstruation. Comorbidities like hypertension (8.75%) and diabetes (3.75%) were occasionally present. Prophylactic treatment yielded clinical improvement in 80.9% of cases. Medications such as propranolol (18.75%), amitriptyline (7.5%), and topiramate (3.75%) were commonly used, with combination therapy in 43.75% of patients. Topiramate was effective in reducing headache severity, while propranolol improved quality of life. Post-treatment, 76% of patients experienced mild pain, and 82.5% had reduced dizziness. Vestibular rehabilitation was particularly helpful for those with anxiety. A strong association between magnesium deficiency and migraine frequency was observed. Conclusion: Diagnosis relies on thorough clinical assessment and exclusion of other vestibular disorders. Effective management involves individualized, multidisciplinary care. Topiramate, propranolol, and flunarizine offer symptom control, with topiramate most effective for headache reduction. Vestibular rehabilitation benefits patients, especially those with anxiety or motion sensitivity. Treatment is tailored to patient-specific factors, though standardized protocols are lacking due to limited large-scale trials
Copyright (c) 2026 A. Sujala , P. Srujana , K. Jyothi , Siddra Tabassum , P. Snehalatha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0