Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics
Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT) is a double-blind peer-reviewed International Journal dedicated to the publication of research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, Short communications and case studies. This publication is aimed at a broad, interdisciplinary audience of academic and industrial researchers actively engaged in basic and applied laboratory practice, related to Pharmaceutical Science and Therapeutics (SoPhTec).
Vinita Nagar, Society of Pharmaceutical Technocrats, 1/7756, Street no. 1, East Gorakh Park, Shahdara, Delhi, India 110032
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Agile Business Management in the Pharmaceutical Industry
This mini-review examines the pharmaceutical industry’s shift from rigid, linear operating models toward agile business management. Drivers include personalised medicine, global health crises (e.g., pandemics), and increasing supply-chain complexity. We summarise how agile principles are applied across the value chain, particularly in supply chain, manufacturing, and project management and how enabling technologies (e.g., IoT) support these applications. We also highlight barriers specific to highly regulated environments, including GMP-driven documentation and traceability, cultural inertia, and capability gaps. Finally, we discuss pragmatic adoption strategies, emphasising hybrid models (e.g., Agile–Stage-Gate) and selective implementation of agile practices. Pure agile adoption is often constrained in regulated settings; however, hybridisation and targeted practices can improve responsiveness, resilience, and long-term performance. Keywords: Agile business management; Supply chain agility; Regulatory compliance; Hybrid governance models; Personalised medicine
Copyright (c) 2026 Nastaran Tashakori , Gökhan Faikoğlu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Artificial Intelligence [AI] and Homoeopathy: Applicability, Reliability, Validity and Limitations of an AI-Aided Homoeopathic Clinic
Individualization is the cornerstone of homoeopathic practice; however, the process is highly subjective and varies between practitioners due to differences in observation, interpretation, and analysis of symptoms. Recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI), multimodal data collection, and machine learning offer an unprecedented opportunity to enhance precision in homoeopathic case-taking and remedy selection. This conceptual research proposes an AI-Aided Homoeopathic Clinic model integrating 360° multisensory recording, natural language processing (NLP), emotion-tone analysis, gesture recognition, and a curated digital knowledge base of Materia Medica, Repertory, Organon, and clinical literature. The model aims to reduce human errors, increase reproducibility in remedy selection, and strengthen the validity and reliability of homoeopathic prescribing. The paper explores applicability, reliability, validity, limitations, ethical considerations, and future possibilities of AI in homoeopathic practice. This concept has the potential to become a milestone in homoeopathic clinical methodology, guiding the future of precision homoeopathy. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Homoeopathy, Individualisation, Repertory, Materia Medica, 360° Recording, NLP, Machine Learning, Futuristic Medicine, AI-Aided Homoeopathic Clinic.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ashok Vishwambhar Anpat , Patil Snehal Jayant, Ingale Madhubala Tukaram , Kakade Mayur Haribhahu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integration of Unani Therapy (Ḥijāma bi’l Sharṭ) in Vasomotor Rhinitis: A Case Report
Vasomotor rhinitis (VMR) is a form of non-allergic rhinitis that clinically resembles nasal allergy but lacks an IgE-mediated basis. It is characterized by nasal obstruction, rhinorrhoea, sneezing, and mucosal hyperreactivity to nonspecific triggers such as temperature fluctuations, dust, or smoke. Conventional management relies on antihistamines and decongestants, which offer only symptomatic relief without addressing the underlying imbalance. In the Unani system of medicine, Nazla Ḥārr is considered analogous to VMR, attributed to humoral imbalance and autonomic dysfunction. Classical physicians including Galen and Zakariya al-Rāzī recommended Ḥijāma bi’l Sharṭ (wet cupping) at the nape of the neck (Nuqra/Qafā) for its role in evacuating morbid humors, reducing inflammation, and relieving symptoms such as sneezing and nasal irritation. This case report describes a 28-year-old female with a two-year history of recurrent nasal congestion, sneezing, and rhinorrhoea, unresponsive to standard pharmacotherapy. The patient underwent weekly sessions of wet cupping for three weeks at the nape of the neck, following standard procedural protocols. The Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) was used to monitor symptom severity objectively. At baseline, TNSS was 11/12, indicating severe disease. Following intervention, TNSS progressively improved to 8 after the first session, 5 after the second, and 1 after the third session, reflecting near-complete resolution of symptoms. No adverse effects were reported. This case highlights the therapeutic potential of Ḥijāma bi’l Sharṭ in managing vasomotor rhinitis by balancing humors, modulating autonomic function, and reducing mucosal hyperreactivity. Larger controlled studies are warranted to validate these findings. Keywords: Ḥijāma bi’l Sharṭ, Ilaj bi’l Tadbeer, Unani concept, Vasomotor rhinitis
Copyright (c) 2026 Mo Salman Nagori , Mehmooda Begum , Mohammad Arif , Naseem Ahmad Khan , Mohd Aadil Khan , Tabasum Rouf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Molecular Docking and Pharmacological In-silico evaluation of Nitrogen and oxygen Heterocyclic Compounds as promising anticancer agents with an aim of drug repurposing
A Cancer is one of the leading causes of death among deadly diseases that occur in humans. Due to its ability to spread and the uncontrolled cell growth, it affects various organs and tissues. The present study evaluates the interactions between two receptors, 6JOR (FLT3 in complex with Gilteritinib) and HER-2 (Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), and five existing drugs, with different biological actions and Safety Profiles. The aim is to repurpose established drugs. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the ligand with the target 6JOR showed the most likely binding for Albendazole, with an IDDT value of 0.6598. The Binding affinity prediction maximum for Aripiprazole (-7.24425). Gilteritinib gave IDDT value -6.228. GROMACS was used for dynamic binding and docking using the new wrap mime platform. Pharmacokinetic evaluation based on the rule of five and Prediction of Pharmacology by PASS online. This research highlights the significance of drug repurposing and eliminates the need for drugs with an established safety profile. The study of existing drugs with established safety profiles and in silico pharmacological activity prediction using PASS online leveraged insights into biological activity. Further clinical testing should be conducted to assess anticancer activity in Humans. Keywords: Docking, Dynamics, Cancer, Heterocyclic, Nitrogen, Oxygen
Copyright (c) 2026 Thomas Kurian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Curcumin-Loaded Nanoemulsions: Advances in Formulation Strategies and Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutic Applications
Curcumin, the principal bioactive compound of Curcuma longa, has drawn significant attention for its potent anti-inflammatory properties. However, its clinical translation remains limited due to poor solubility in aqueous environments, rapid degradation, and extremely low oral bioavailability. In recent years, nanoemulsion-based delivery systems have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these barriers. By encapsulating curcumin within nanoscale oil-in-water emulsions, researchers have achieved enhanced solubility, improved physicochemical stability, and more efficient absorption across biological membranes. Preclinical studies demonstrate that curcumin-loaded nanoemulsions exhibit superior anti-inflammatory activity compared to free curcumin, as evidenced by greater suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduced oxidative stress, and more effective modulation of key signalling pathways in both in vitro and in vivo models. These advances highlight nanoemulsions not only as carriers that protect curcumin from degradation but also as facilitators of targeted and sustained therapeutic action. Future directions should prioritise large-scale clinical evaluations, standardised formulation protocols, and clear regulatory frameworks to ensure safety, reproducibility, and patient accessibility. Overall, curcumin-loaded nanoemulsions represent a compelling avenue for harnessing the therapeutic potential of curcumin, particularly for managing inflammation-driven disorders. Keywords: Curcumin, Nanoemulsion, Drug delivery, Anti-inflammatory therapy, Bioavailability, Clinical translation
Copyright (c) 2026 Mukund Mahadev Pache , Rutuja Rajaram Pangavhane , Trupti V. Kadam , Varsha R. Chavan , Avinash B. Darekar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Habb-e-Gule-Aak (Unani pharmacopeial compound formulation) and Riyazat in the management of Non-specific Low back pain (Waja’ uz-Zahr): A Case series
Background: Low back pain has been a significant public health issue since long time, resulting in loss of functional productivity and medical costs. Nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP) or pain for which there is no known cause, affects about 85% of sufferers. Although there are conservative treatments accessible in the conventional medical system, like NSAIDs, which produces certain side effects. Unani system of medicine is the ancient system of medicine which deals with prophylactic and therapeutic management of many illnesses with no or least adverse effects. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of Unani compound pharmacopeial drug i.e., Habb-e-Gule-Aak (HGA) and exercises of lumbo-pelvic muscles (strengthening and stretching) in the management of NSLBP. Materials and Methods: Five patients with a primary report of chronic NSLBP (>6 months) without radiculopathy were treated with 2 pills of HGA twice daily for 30 days. The effectiveness of therapy was assessed on baseline, 15th day and 30th day using a numeric rating scale (NRS) to measure pain reduction and Oswestry disability index (ODI) to assess the decrease in lower back disability in NSLBP. Results: HGA and exercises of lumbo-pelvic muscles (strengthening and stretching) significantly reduced pain and disability in NSLBP. Conclusion: This case series is preliminary research of the use of multiple modalities in the management of NSLBP. It is envisaged that additional experimental research will be done to demonstrate the efficacy of this combination in treating people with NSLBP. Keywords: Habb-e-Gule-Aak, Ilaj Bit Tadbir, Lower back Exercise, Non-Specific Low back pain, Unani medicine
Copyright (c) 2026 Sadaf T.A. Shaikh , Mohd. Anwar , Mohammad Saad Ahmad Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phytochemical Profile, TLC Profiling and Antioxidant Potential of Prunus Avium
This work looks at the Chromatographic content of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Prunus avium leaf and its antioxidant activity. The presence of essential metabolites was confirmed by preliminary phytochemical screening for glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, volatile oils, and tannins, indicating the plant's ethnomedicinal value. To maximise the separation and visibility of constituent substances, TLC was done using three solvent systems of varied polarity. Under 254 nm and 365 nm UV light, distinct, well-resolved bands were observed, indicating a different range of polar and mid-polar phytochemicals. Further antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. The extensive chromatographic and phytochemical profiles obtained in the study highlight the potential of P. avium as a valid phytotherapeutic candidate, setting the stage for future bioactive-guided reclusion and anticancer testing. Keywords: Prunus avium, sweet cherry, Chromatographic content, TLC analysis, hydroalcoholic extract.
Copyright (c) 2026 Preeti Singh , Deepika Singh , Amita Verma, Richa Sharma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Transferosome Based Delivery of Phytoconstituents in Superficial Fungal Infections: A Comprehensive Review
Superficial fungal infections, such as dermatophytosis, candidiasis, and pityriasis versicolor, are common worldwide and often affect the quality of life. Their incidence is increasing due to factors such as climate change, global travel, and the extensive use of immunosuppressive therapies. Conventional antifungal agents, including azoles and allylamines, face limitations such as drug resistance, poor skin penetration, and adverse effects. Plant-derived phytoconstituents contain several bioactive compounds with promising antifungal activity; however, their topical use is restricted because of their low permeability through the stratum corneum. Transferosomes, highly flexible lipid vesicles, offer an effective strategy for enhancing the skin delivery of phytoconstituents. This review explains the basic principles of transferosomes technology, discusses the antifungal activities of various plant-derived phytoconstituents, and reviews preparation methods, characterization techniques, and findings from in vitro and in vivo studies. This study aimed to highlight the potential of transferosomes as a novel and efficient approach for delivering phytoconstituents to treat superficial fungal diseases. Keywords: antifungal, drug delivery, fungal infections, phytoconstituents, topical treatment, transferosomes
Copyright (c) 2026 Jaydeep Jagannath Chemate , Pravin Shridhar Wakte , Sachin Shivling Bhusari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimization and Formulation of Emtricitabine-Loaded Liposomes Using a Box-Behnken Design
Objective: The goal of this study was to use a Quality by Design (QbD) approach to create and improve liposomal formulations of Emtricitabine, an anti-HIV drug, to make it better at trapping other substances. Methods: A Box-Behnken Design (BBD) with three factors and three levels was used to systematically look at how the independent variables- Soy Lecithin (60–70%), Cholesterol (20–30%), and Palmitic Acid (5–10%)—affected the dependent variable, Entrapment Efficiency (EE %). We made and tested fifteen different formulas. Results: The statistical analysis of the BBD indicated that a Linear model was sufficient to describe the design space, as higher-order models were not significant. The ANOVA for the linear model yielded an F-value of 1.00 (p=0.4289), signifying that the model was not significant in relation to noise. None of the individual factors (Soy Lecithin, p=0.5831; Cholesterol, p=0.2393; Palmitic Acid, p=0.3099) demonstrated a statistically significant effect on EE within the studied ranges. However, the lack of fit was non-significant (p=0.9515), confirming the model's adequacy. A confirmation batch prepared with 70% Soy Lecithin, 20% Cholesterol, and 10% Palmitic Acid yielded an EE of 66.96%, which was within the 95% prediction interval (53.21% - 81.30%) of the predicted value (67.25%). Conclusion: Liposomal formulation of Emtricitabine was optimised and prepared with significant entrapment efficiency, which made possible to test it further through in vitro and in vivo studies. Keywords: Emtricitabine, Liposomes, Box-Behnken Design, Entrapment Efficiency, Quality by Design, Optimization, Anti-HIV.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ratanlal Vishwakarma , Shubhrat Maheshwari , Aditya Singh , Amita Verma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Beyond the Beverage: The Versatility and Health Benefits of Coconut Water
Young coconuts contain a clear liquid called coconut water, which has attracted a lot of interest due to its inherent qualities and potential health benefits. Coconut water, which has long been used as a hydration beverage, is now valued for its diverse nutritional composition, which includes vital sugars, proteins, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and other substances that promote growth. This review provides an overview of recent studies on the physicochemical traits, medicinal qualities, and practical uses of coconut water. Research has emphasized its cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties as well as its possible application in the treatment of kidney disease, diabetes, and hypertension. The review also looks at how coconut water has been used historically and traditionally in medicine across cultures as a natural cure for a range of illnesses. In addition to its nutritional and therapeutic value, coconut water is being investigated for use in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations, as well as for food preservation and biotechnological applications. The results highlight that coconut water is a multipurpose biofluid with potential uses in the health and wellness sectors, making it more than just a cool beverage. Its therapeutic potential could be further established and its commercial use expanded with further research into its bioactive compounds and mechanisms of action. To sum up, coconut water is a naturally occurring, sustainable, and biologically active resource with a variety of advantages that warrant further research and incorporation into contemporary medical procedures. Keywords: Coconut water, Hydration, Therapeutic potential, Biofluid, Cardioprotective, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-oxidant.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ragini Bose; Shubham Ghosh; Moutoshi Singh, Sarthak Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development of UV Spectrophotometric Method and Estimation of Simvastatin in Tablet Formulation
A simple, precise, accurate, and cost-effective UV–visible spectrophotometric method for simvastatin was developed and validated in accordance with ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines. The maximum absorbance wavelength (λmax) of simvastatin was determined to be 238 nm. The range of the calibration curve was between 1-20 µg/mL, and absorbance values were recorded at 238 nm to generate a calibration curve, yielding a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The calculated limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.11406 µg/mL and 0.34565 µg/mL, respectively. The method demonstrated acceptable accuracy, precision, robustness, and ruggedness when evaluated with quality control standards. This validated method is suitable for the estimation of simvastatin in bulk drug and plant extract samples. The method demonstrated acceptable accuracy, precision, robustness, and ruggedness when evaluated with quality control standards. It was successfully applied for the estimation of simvastatin in bulk drug and commercial tablet formulations. Keywords: UV-method, Simvastatin, Zocor, Tablet Estimation, Validation.
UV-method, Simvastatin, Zocor, Tablet Estimation, Validation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pooja Harkal , Pravin Wakte , Sachin Bhusari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Unani Perspective on Polymenorrhea (Kathrat-I-Ḥayd): Understanding Etiology and Pathogenesis
Menstrual disorders have long been a subject of significant concern for gynaecologists and physicians, both in ancient and modern times, due to their profound impact on women’s health. Among these, Polymenorrhea represents one of the most prevalent complaints among menstruating women, affecting approximately 5–15% of the adult female population. It adversely influences physical, emotional, and social well-being, thereby diminishing the overall quality of life. Polymenorrhea refers to abnormally frequent or shortened menstrual cycles, which may occur as a physiological variation or as a manifestation of underlying pathological conditions. Under normal circumstances, menstruation follows a cyclical pattern lasting up to seven days; however, deviations in frequency or duration may indicate menstrual dysfunction. In the Unani system of medicine, this condition is referred to as Kathrat-i-Ḥayḍ, denoting excessive menstrual bleeding. When the bleeding persists beyond the normal menstrual period or occurs irregularly on non-menstrual days, it is termed Istiḥaza. The Unani scholars have elaborated extensively on its causes, underlying mechanisms, and management strategies. This paper aims to elucidate the etiological factors and pathogenesis of Kathrat-i-Ḥayḍ as described in classical Unani literature, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of its conceptual and clinical significance. Keywords: Polymenorrhea, Kathrat-i-Ḥayd, Unani medicine
Copyright (c) 2026 Sehba Zaheer, Nida Sultana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development and Validation of Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for the Estimation of Lasmiditan in tablet dosage form
HPLC, in particular, offers high resolution, accuracy, and reproducibility, making it indispensable for routine quality control and advanced research applications. Method development in HPLC involves systematic selection and optimization of mobile phase composition, column chemistry, detection wavelength, and operational parameters to achieve reliable separation and quantification. Analytical method validation, guided by ICH and USP standards, ensures that developed methods meet essential criteria, including accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity, robustness, and sensitivity. Keywords: Lasmiditan, Development, RP-HPLC, Accuracy, linearity, Limit of detection (LOD) and Limit of quantification (LOQ).
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahul Ramhari Darade, Sagar B Wankhede https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Plant-Based Antidepressants: An Overview of Bioactive Compounds and Screening Strategies
Depression is a complicated mental illness that affects mood, cognition, and neuroendocrine function. Despite the widespread use of synthetic antidepressants, their limited efficacy, delayed onset of action, and adverse effects underscore the need for safer and more effective substitutes. Therefore, it appears vital to find effective treatments with sufficient efficacy, fewer side effects, and a cheaper cost. Phytoconstituents, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and phenolic acids, exhibit antidepressant potential by altering monoaminergic neurotransmission, reestablishing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, enhancing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. All of these pathways were found to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression. All things considered, though, plant-based substances provide a promising foundation for the methodical and scientific creation of next-generation antidepressant therapies. Keywords: Depression; Antidepressants, medicinal plants, herbal medicine, bioactive compounds
Copyright (c) 2026 Rohit Gupta , Neelottama Kushwaha , Swatantra Kumar Singh Kushwaha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Customers' Social Interaction and Social Connectedness Process on Social Media Marketing in Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study
Hospitals use social media marketing on Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube to build customer awareness and engagement. The hospital's social media engagement strategy needs to be evaluated to inform future marketing efforts. This study aims to analyze the process of social interaction and customer social connectedness in social media marketing This study is an observational analytic that analyzes the level of effectiveness of the use of social media Youtube, Instagram, and Facebook on the standard process of social interaction and social connectedness quantitatively at Muhammadiyah Probolinggo Maternal and Children's Hospital 2024 The results of this analysis show a relationship between the number of content and the number of like responses and positive comments on Instagram media, as well as the relationship between the number of content and like responses on YouTube. The types of content that generate the most social interaction are Instagram educational content, entertainment content on YouTube and Instagram entertainment content. In the social connectedness process, there was no significant correlation between social media engagement initiatives and social connectedness, which could be due to the internal friendship-suggestion algorithm used by the social media platform. Instagram is the most effective platform for establishing social connectedness and customer interaction. YouTube has the potential as a visual education channel, but a strategy is needed to encourage user engagement. Facebook needs to evaluate new content or approaches to stay relevant to its community of followers. Keywords: social media engagement initiative, social interaction, social connectedness
Copyright (c) 2026 Beny Rahman Khomaini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Advances in Pectin-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Applications and Future Perspectives
Pectin is an acidic structural heteropolysaccharide primarily composed of galacturonic acid units. It is mainly extracted from citrus fruits, apples, pears, guavas, and other plant sources using acidic hot-water extraction methods within a pH range of 1.5–3.5. Due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxic nature, pectin has gained significant attention as a promising natural polymer in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and biomedical fields. Pharmacologically, pectin exhibits various therapeutic properties, including hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolemic, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitumor activities. It helps regulate blood glucose, reduce cholesterol levels, inhibit microbial growth, and suppress tumour progression. Nutraceutically, pectin functions as both a prebiotic and a probiotic agent, serving as a bioactive dietary fibre that promotes cardiovascular and metabolic health. In biomedical applications, pectin-based formulations have demonstrated great potential for controlled and targeted drug delivery. A wide range of pectin-based systems—such as hydrogels, films, microparticles, nanoparticles, beads, pellets, and tablets—have been developed for oral, buccal, nasal, and ocular delivery. Future research will likely focus on chemical modification, crosslinking, and nano-structuring approaches to enhance pectin’s mechanical strength, stability, and site-specific release properties. Moreover, combining pectin with other biopolymers, such as chitosan, alginate, or gelatin, may yield hybrid or composite systems with improved bioadhesion and controlled-release properties. This study highlights the drug delivery applications of pectin and discusses its future research prospects. Keywords: Pectin, drug delivery, pharmaceutical applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Krishna Prakash Shelkar , Vaibhav Pandurang Chopade , Atul Pitambar Patil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Pharmaceutical Evaluation and Bioavailability Assessment of Levothyroxine Sodium in Different Dosage Forms
Levothyroxine sodium is recognized as a narrow-therapeutic-index drug, making its clinical performance highly sensitive to formulation variables that can influence systemic bioavailability. This study focused on the development, physicochemical evaluation, and comparative bioavailability assessment of levothyroxine sodium formulated into three distinct dosage forms: tablets, HPMC based capsules, and soft gelatin capsules. Each formulation was manufactured using optimized processing strategies to ensure stability and dose accuracy. Physical evaluation and comprehensive in vitro testing, including assay, content uniformity, dissolution profiling, and analysis of related substances, were conducted in accordance with compendial standards. All three dosage forms exhibited satisfactory predefined quality criteria, indicating acceptable pharmaceutical performance. In vivo characterization was carried out in healthy volunteers using a randomized, open-label, two-treatment, two-period crossover design to compare the test products with the reference capsule. Blood samples were collected over an extended sampling period, and levothyroxine plasma concentrations were quantified using a validated analytical method. Pharmacokinetic parameters, including Cmax, AUC0–t, and AUC0–∞, were derived through non-compartmental analysis and evaluated for bioequivalence using standard statistical approaches. The in vivo results demonstrated that the soft gelatin capsules exhibited bioavailability parameters closely aligned with those of the reference product, with 90% confidence intervals for both rate and extent of absorption falling within accepted regulatory bioequivalence limits. Conversely, the directly compressed tablets and HPMC-based capsule formulations displayed higher inter-subject variability and did not consistently meet equivalence criteria across all pharmacokinetic endpoints. Among the dosage forms investigated, soft gelatin capsule provided the most reliable pharmaceutical quality and bioavailability performance relative to the reference product. These findings highlight the critical role of formulation design in achieving consistent levothyroxine exposure and support the liquid-filled soft gelatin system as a promising alternative for clinical application. Keywords: Levothyroxine sodium; Different dosage forms; Soft-gelatin capsules; Bioavailability; Bioequivalence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chinna Reddy Palem, Prashant Noolu , Praveen Rao Balguri , Varun Chilukoti , Dasarath Gurram , Nishanth Kumar Nagamalli , Sridhar Gumudevelli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pistacia vera: Bridging Unani Wisdom and Modern Nutraceutical Science: A Comprehensive Review
Background: Pistacia vera L. (pistachio), a member of the Anacardiaceae family, has been traditionally valued in Unani medicine as a tonic for the brain, heart, and reproductive system. Modern research increasingly supports its diverse nutraceutical and pharmacological properties. Objective: This review aims to integrate traditional Unani insights with contemporary scientific evidence on the morphology, nutritional composition, therapeutic applications, and pharmacological activities of Pistacia vera. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Scopus, alongside classical Unani texts including Khazāʾin al-Advia, Muḥīt-i-Aʿẓam, and Makhzan al-Mufradāt. Data on phytochemistry, temperament, dosage, traditional uses, and pharmacological effects were critically analysed and synthesised. Results: Pistachio kernels contain 55–60% oil, 15–21% protein, 14–18% carbohydrates, ~10% fibre, essential amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins (B6, E, K, folate), minerals (Cu, Mn, Zn, Mg), and polyphenols, flavonoids, and carotenoids. Traditional Unani literature highlights its role as Muqawwī-i-Dimāgh (brain tonic), Muqawwī-i-Qalb (cardiac tonic), and Muqawwī-i-Bāh (aphrodisiac). Modern studies demonstrate neuroprotective, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, bronchodilator, anti-melanogenic, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory, and anxiolytic activities. Mechanisms include antioxidant effects, modulation of glucose transporters, anti-inflammatory pathways, and multitargeted organ protection. Conclusion: Pistacia vera bridges Unani wisdom and modern pharmacology, validating its therapeutic potential as a nutrient-rich functional food. Future clinical trials, standardisation of extracts, and mechanistic studies are needed to translate preclinical findings into human applications, establishing pistachio as an integrative nutraceutical for brain, cardiac, metabolic, and reproductive health. Keywords: Pistacia vera, pistachio, Unani medicine, nutraceutical, pharmacological activities, neuroprotection, cardiometabolic health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nawaz Ahmed , Shaik Adeena Parveen , Sayeed Azami , Abdul Azeez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of Phytosomal Gel of Hesperidin
Background: Hesperidin possesses potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity but exhibits limited topical efficacy due to poor solubility and low skin permeability. Phytosomal systems can enhance dermal delivery of such phytoconstituents. Materials and Methods: Hesperidin–phospholipid phytosomes were prepared by the thin-film hydration method and optimized based on particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. The optimized formulation (F6) was incorporated into a Carbopol 934 gel and evaluated for physicochemical properties. In-vitro diffusion studies were performed using Franz diffusion cells, while FTIR analysis and release kinetics were also assessed. Results: The optimized phytosomes showed nanosized vesicles (168 nm), stable zeta potential, and high entrapment efficiency (85.52%). The phytosomal gel exhibited acceptable physicochemical characteristics and sustained drug release, achieving 95.6% release within 8 h. FTIR confirmed compatibility, and drug release followed the Higuchi model (R² = 0.985). Conclusion: The hesperidin phytosomal gel enhanced solubility, skin permeation, and sustained drug release, demonstrating its potential for effective topical antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapy. Keywords: Hesperidin; Phospholipid; Thin-film hydration method; Phytosomes; Topical gel; In-vitro drug release studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Mannan , Romisha Naila https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pharmacology of Vitamin C in the Treatment of Cancer: A Comprehensive Review
Vitamin C (ascorbate) has re-emerged as a promising adjunct in oncology due to a clearer understanding of its distinct pharmacology when administered intravenously versus orally. Oral dosing is constrained by saturable intestinal absorption and tight renal regulation, limiting plasma concentrations to low micromolar levels. In contrast, intravenous (IV) administration achieves pharmacologic millimolar plasma concentrations, enabling mechanisms not accessible through dietary or supplemental intake. At these higher levels, ascorbate functions as a pro-drug to generate hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in the extracellular space, selectively inducing oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in cancer cells, which often possess impaired antioxidant defences. Additional proposed mechanisms include modulation of redox signalling, enhancement of sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and regulation of epigenetic enzymes such as TET and HIF hydroxylases. Preclinical studies consistently demonstrate dose-dependent tumour cell killing and synergy with conventional therapies, while early-phase clinical trials report good tolerability, improved quality of life, and signals of therapeutic benefit in malignancies such as pancreatic, ovarian, and glioblastoma. However, definitive efficacy data remain limited due to small sample sizes and heterogeneous protocols. Safety concerns include haemolytic risk in G6PD deficiency and oxalate nephropathy in predisposed patients, underscoring the need for appropriate screening. Overall, current evidence supports the biological plausibility and safety of pharmacologic ascorbate as an adjunct to standard cancer therapy, but well-powered randomized trials and validated biomarkers are required before widespread clinical implementation. Keywords: Vitamin C, Ascorbate, Intravenous Vitamin C, Cancer Therapy, Oxidative stress, Hydrogen Peroxide, Pharmacokinetics, Chemo-radiation Sensitization, Adjunctive oncology
Copyright (c) 2026 Kartik Jamwal , Komal , Kapil Kumar Verma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and In Vitro Release Studies of Emulgels Containing Shea Butter and Diclofenac Diethylamine
Shea butter is a raw material widely used in cosmetology. Its use in the pharmaceutical sector is becoming increasingly popular. As it’s commonly produced in Burkina Faso, it can help reduce medicine costs. Several dermatological formulations (creams, body milks, ointments) have been developed in our laboratories in Burkina Faso. However, some active ingredients are not compatible with those bases due to their hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. The emulgel form can thus be a solution. Moreover, this type of dermatological base has not yet been reported in the literature on shea butter. The main objective of our study was to develop an emulgel based on shea butter, and diclofenac diethylamine was chosen as the active ingredient. Emulgel formulations were prepared with shea butter, carbomer 980, or arabic gum and diclofenac diethylamine. Physical quality control was performed against the Diclofenac Reference emulgel. The better emulgel formulations were tested for in vitro release of diclofenac diethylamine, compared with the Diclofenac Reference emulgel. The formulated emulgel was homogeneous, whitish in colour. The pH ranged from 6.53 to 6.71. The emulgel made with 0.5% carbomer 980 had a viscosity close to that of the Diclofenac Reference emulgel. Their diclofenac diethylamine content conformed to standards (99.47% and 100.55%). The release rate of these formulations after 6 hours ranged from 58.66% to 66.26%. The diclofenac reference emulgel had a lower rate of 44.02%. Locally produced shea butter can thus be used to formulate an emulgel incorporating diclofenac diethylamine as the active ingredient. Keywords: Diclofenac diethylamine, emulgel, shea butter, carbomer, arabic gum.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hermine ZIME DIAWARA, Hyacinthe W. BONKOUGOU, Charles B. SOMBIE , Salfo OUEDRAOGO , Luc ZONGO , Josias B. G. YAMEOGO , Rasmané SEMDE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of Regulatory Requirements Relating to Quality Control of Skin-Lightening Cosmetic Products in Côte D'ivoire
In many countries around the world, in Africa and specially in Côte d'Ivoire, many women and sometimes men use cosmetic products containing skin-lightening active ingredients. These substances are toxic and cause several public health problems. Their presence in cosmetics is restricted, or even prohibited. Furthermore, regulatory changes set maximum concentrations for certain substances, requiring quantification in various cosmetic products. Our work aims to assess current technical specifications regulations compliance with skin-lightening cosmetic products quality control in Côte d'Ivoire. To carry out this study, we identified the characteristic elements of these specifications as described at national level. Next, we collected and analyzed the national, West African, and international regulations applicable to cosmetic products in Côte d'Ivoire. It appears that specifications established, by organization named "Côte d'Ivoire - Standardization", for skin-lightening cosmetic products were compliant with Ivorian Presidential Decree No. 2015-288 of April 29, 2015. The same specifications were also found in Council Decision No. 07/2010/CM/UEMOA on West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) cosmetic products registration. This Decision includes references to European Union (EU) regulations relevant annexes regarding prohibited or restricted substances lists, with which common specifications have been identified. While the national specifications comply with international standards, they must be supplemented and fully implemented for a strict analysis of skin-lightening cosmetics in Côte d'Ivoire. Keywords: Regulation, cosmetics, skin-lightening preparations, specifications, Côte d’Ivoire
Copyright (c) 2026 Paule Mireille ALLOUKOU-BOKA , Awa Nakognon TUO-KOUASSI , Anne Cinthia AMONKOU-N’GUESSAN , Akadjé Richard ALLOUKOU , Franck Habib GAUZE , Aziz Flores KAMELAN , Antoine Serge AMARI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Validated UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Method for Quantitative Analysis of Glycyrrhizin
Aim: The study aimed to develop and validate a simple, accurate, precise and cost-effective UV-Visible spectrophotometric method for the estimation of Glycyrrhizin in bulk as well as in formulation. Methods: A UV-Visible spectrophotometric method for Glycyrrhizin was developed using HPLC grade water. The solution was scanned across the UV-Visible range of 200-800 nm to identify its wavelength of maximum absorbance. The linearity of the method was established using six calibration standards over a concentration range of 5–75 μg/mL. Three different quality control standard solutions of the Glycyrrhizin were used for establishing the accuracy and precision of the proposed method. Proposed method was validated using ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines on the basis of accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of Detection (LOD), and limit of Quantitation (LOQ). Results: Glycyrrhizin when dissolved in methanol and diluted by using HPLC grade water showed maximum absorbance at wavelength of 254 nm. The developed UV–Visible spectrophotometric method demonstrated excellent linearity across the concentration range of 5–75 μg/mL, with a Correlation coefficient (r²) of 0.999. The intra-day accuracy of the proposed UV–Visible Spectrophotometric method in terms of % Difference was in the range of +0.5487 to +1.8644 whereas the inter-day accuracy was in the range of +0.6250 to + 1.9096. The intra-day precision of the proposed UV–Visible spectrophotometric method in terms of % RSD was found to be in Between 0.2681 to 1.3558 whereas the inter-day precision values were in between 0.2581 to 1.3052. The variation (% RSD) during the robustness study of the proposed UV–Visible spectrophotometric method was found be below 2%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the proposed UV–Visible spectrophotometric method was found to be 1.7285 μg/mL and 5.2380 μg/mL respectively, ensuring adequate sensitivity for routine analysis. Proposed method was successfully used for the estimation of Glycyrrhizin in the formulation. Conclusion: The proposed UV-Visible spectrophotometric method for estimation of Glycyrrhizin is simple, sensitive, accurate, and cost effective. It is suitable for routine analysis of Glycyrrhizin in commercial formulation. Keywords: Glycyrrhizin, UV-Visible method, ICH Q2 (R1)
Copyright (c) 2026 Bhagyashri More , Pravin Wakte , Sachin Bhusari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Lemborexant Orodispersible Film
The current work focused on the formulation and in vitro evaluation of Lemborexant oral dispersible films (ODFs) loaded with nanoparticles to improve solubility, dissolution, and patient compliance in the treatment of insomnia. Lemborexant, a dual orexin receptor antagonist, has low water solubility, reducing its oral bioavailability. To overcome this limitation, nanoparticles were prepared using the solvent displacement method and incorporated into fast-dissolving polymeric films that contained hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as film-forming agents, PEG as a plasticizer, and superdisintegrants for rapid disintegration. The produced films were tested for physicochemical and mechanical properties such as thickness, weight fluctuation, folding endurance, tensile strength, surface pH, drug content homogeneity, disintegration time, and in vitro drug release.The optimized formulation demonstrated uniform thickness and weight, as well as appropriate tensile strength. The films disintegrated quickly (15-30 seconds) and had considerably higher in vitro drug release than pure Lemborexant. FTIR tests verified the absence of drug-excipient interactions, while SEM revealed homogeneous nanoparticle dispersion. The findings suggested that Lemborexant-loaded nanoparticle oral dispersible films are a viable delivery platform for quick onset of action, increased bioavailability, and enhanced patient compliance, particularly in geriatric patients with swallowing issues. Additional in vivo investigations are needed to confirm the therapeutic efficacy and pharmacokinetic advantages of the proposed formulation. Keywords: Lemborexant, Oral Dispersible Film, Nanoparticles, Solvent Casting, In vitro drug release studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 S.M. Shahidulla , Mohammed Imtiyaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Oxidative stress and neuronal dysfunction induced by combined low-dose exposure to abamectin and cypermethrin
Background : The increase in agricultural production has been accompanied by intensive pesticide use, leading to chronic environmental contamination. In Togo, residues exceeding regulatory limits have been detected in vegetable crops, particularly abamectin (ABM) and cypermethrin (CYP). ABM, derived from Streptomyces avermitilis, acts on GABA-gated chloride channels and crosses the blood–brain barrier, inducing oxidative stress and neurotoxic damage. CYP, a synthetic pyrethroid, targets voltage-gated sodium channels, resulting in abnormal neuronal discharges and excessive production of reactive oxygen species. While their acute effects are well known, the subchronic impacts of low-dose exposure, especially in combination, remain poorly understood. In this context, the present study aims to evaluate the subchronic neurotoxic effects of combined exposure to abamectin and cypermethrin, administered at realistic doses, in rats. Methods : This study evaluated the subchronic neurotoxicity of ABM and CYP, administered individually or in combination for 90 days to 40 Wistar rats divided into five groups: control, ABM (0.3 mg/kg/day), CYP (0.7 mg/kg/day), mixture M1 (ABM 0.3 + CYP 0.7 mg/kg/day), and mixture M2 (ABM 0.6 + CYP 1.4 mg/kg/day). Results : The results revealed that exposure, particularly to mixtures, decreased brain protein levels, significantly reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, and markedly increased malondialdehyde levels compared to groups exposed to a single pesticide.. Glutathione S-transferase activity was less affected, but caspase-3 was activated in M1 and M2 groups, indicating apoptosis induction. Histological analyses in M1 and M2 groups showed pronounced hypocellularity associated with cellular hypertrophy and necrotic foci compared with controls. Conclusions : The observed synergistic effect highlights an increased toxicological risk, underscoring the need for further mechanistic studies and appropriate regulatory measures. Under environmental conditions where combined exposures are frequent, these results highlight the importance of considering the impact of mixtures rather than isolated compounds. Keywords: Abamectin, Cypermethrin, Oxidative stress, Pesticide mixture, low-dose
Copyright (c) 2026 Essotolom Badjabaissi, Sabrina Chris Janiba Sanvee, Yendubé T. Kantati, Komlan Mawubédjro Dossou-Yovo, Mindédé Assih, Tchare Assiki, Toukilnan Djiwa, Batomayena Bakoma, Aboudoulatif Diallo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
No Smoking Approach in the Educational Institute cafeteria to strengthen the Health System in Lahore, Pakistan
Introduction: Tobacco control strategies are structured around three main pillars: prevention, protection, and treatment. Prevention is essential to discourage new individuals, particularly young people, from starting to smoke, and it is primarily carried out through educational initiatives. Aim of the study: To report the experiences of nursing students from the University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan, regarding smoking prevention and cessation activities conducted by a Basic Health Unit team at the Higher Education cafeteria in Lahore, Pakistan. Method: This descriptive case study was conducted between March and May 2025. Fourth-year nursing students at a primary care unit in Lahore, Pakistan, carried out the activity. The target audience consisted of patients and their caregivers, with approximately 30 individuals present in the Educational Institute cafeteria on the day of the event. Results: The study reveals a strong post-intervention increase in knowledge regarding the dangers of passive smoking. Before the session, many participants were only partially aware of the risks of secondhand smoke. After the dialogue, mean knowledge scores rose to nearly 7 on a 10-point scale. This indicates that the Higher Education Institute cafeteria model successfully conveys nuanced information. For example, the greater toxin exposure of passive smokers helps dispel common misconceptions. Discussion: Specific actions often provide only a partial view of the problem, hindering a comprehensive understanding of its origin, development, and the intervention's long-term impact. In the activity carried out, the main limitation was the short period available, which restricted broader contact with the population of that region. This reduced the possibility of identifying the local profile, strengthening bonds, and monitoring the progress of those interested in the cessation plan. Conclusion: involving nursing students in the implementation of such interventions proves highly enriching, as it integrates theory with practice, reinforces learning, fosters leadership skills, and prepares them for the challenges of professional life. It is important to emphasise that the entire process must be carried out under the supervision of a teacher and with the collaboration of the multidisciplinary health team. Keywords: No smoking, Cessation, Tobacco, Nicotine, Nursing students, cafeteria, Primary health care, Multi-disciplinary Team.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ammara Waqar ; Hamid Mahmood; Asif Hanif , Imran Hanif Hashmi , Bilal Hussain , Tahira Asif Hanif , Ravi Kant https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Oral soft tissue conditions in Down syndrome patients
Introduction: Down syndrome is an abnormality caused by an extra chromosome 21. Oral soft tissue conditions are one of the most frequently reported clinical features in Down syndrome because their prevalence is relatively high. The purpose of this study was to determine the various oral soft tissue conditions in children with Down syndrome from various literatures. Methods and Material: The literature review was conducted using the Scoping Review method following the frameworks published by Arksey and O'Malley (2005) and developed by Levac, et al. (2010) and Peters, et al. (2015). Screening and selection of studies was carried out using PRISMA-ScR. Articles were searched using keywords, boolean operators, limit functions, and inclusion criteria on the Pubmed, EBSCOHost, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar search engines. Results: There were 12 articles that met the criteria and were analyzed. The most commonly reported oral soft tissue conditions in Down syndrome are fissured tongue, macroglossia, and cheilitis. Fissured tongue varies from 28% - 78%, macroglossia varies from 36.8% - 94%, total & angular cheilitis varies from 6.3% - 51%. Incompetent lip, geographic tongue, everted lower lip, chapped lower lip, protruded tongue, gingivitis, and several other soft tissue conditions have also been reported in only a few articles. Conclusion: The most common frequently oral soft tissue conditions reported in the Down syndrome population are fissured tongue varies from 28% - 78%, macroglossia varies from 36.8% - 94%, and total & angular cheilitis varies from 6.3% - 51%. Keywords: Cheilitis, Down syndrome, Fissured tongue, Macroglossia, Oral soft tissue conditions
Copyright (c) 2026 Evelyn Priscilia Surjadi , Willyanti Soewondo , Nanan Nur’aeny https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Hematoprotective Properties of Polyherbal Formulation on Streptozocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rats
To treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, the study focuses on polyherbal anti-diabetic extracts from several plants, administered at varying dosages. Ayurvedic medicines are widely accepted due to their efficacy, safety, affordability, ubiquity, and acceptance. Because polyherbal medicines contain glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, and other compounds with diverse modes of action, they have long been used to treat diabetes worldwide. This study examined the Antidiabetic and haematological effects of a polyherbal formulation (PHF) in streptozotocin (STZ)- induced diabetic rats. Objective: To examine the antidiabetic effects of Polyherbal formulation on haematological parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Method: In this study, Wistar albino rats (n=6) were split up into five groups. Streptozotocin was injected intraperitoneally to male Wistar rats to cause diabetes. After being confirmed diabetic, animals were treated orally with distilled water or extracts at 200 or 400 mg/kg body weight daily for 30 days. Results: Blood glucose levels were significantly reduced by the extract, with the greatest reduction observed at 400 mg/kg body weight. After extract administration at both doses, the quantities of red blood cells, white blood cells, and their functional indices all increased considerably. Also, in diabetic rats, water and feed consumption were intensely decreased, and weight loss was minimised at both dosages. Keywords: Diabetis, Polyherbal formulation, Streptozotocin, Wistar Albino Rats, Haematological parameters
Copyright (c) 2026 Trupti B. Shevante , Rupali A Hande , Dushyant D Gaikwad , Suresh L Jadhav https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0