Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics
Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT) is a double-blind peer-reviewed International Journal dedicated to the publication of research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, Short communications and case studies. This publication is aimed at a broad, interdisciplinary audience of academic and industrial researchers actively engaged in basic and applied laboratory practice, related to Pharmaceutical Science and Therapeutics (SoPhTec).
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Hormonal and Histological Changes in the Ovaries of Wistar Rats Treated with Oxycodone Hydrochloride
Introduction: Oxycodone hydrochloride can affect the nervous system, as well as other systems such as the endocrine and reproductive systems. Exposure to oxycodone hydrochloride is not without adverse effects. These adverse effects can lead to infertility. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of oxycodone hydrochloride on reproductive functions in adult female Wistar rats. Materials and methods: Fifteen adult female Wistar rats, weighing between 100 and 300 g, were used. Treatment was administered orally for thirty days. Three batches, each containing five adult female Wistar rats, were formed and treated as follows: (1) a control batch given distilled water at 10 ml/kg; (2) and (3) batches treated with oxycodone hydrochloride at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg respectively. The variables studied included physiological measurements, hormone assays and histological analysis of the ovaries. Results: Exposure of adult female Wistar rats to oxycodone hydrochloride at doses of 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg induced severe morphological alterations such as palpable adnexal masses plus a significant (p<0.05) increase in ovarian weight. A significant decrease (p<0.05) in FSH, LH and progesterone was also observed. Microscopic alterations such as cortical granuloma nodules were observed. Conclusion: Prolonged administration of oxycodone hydrochloride led to a significant increase in ovarian weight, associated with severe morphological alterations, hormone depletion and the appearance of microscopic ovarian alterations. All these disturbances are potentially linked to infertility. Keywords: oxycodone hydrochloride, infertility, hormone, ovary, histology, rats
Archange Michel Emmanuel MBOUNGOU MALONGA
Copyright (c) 2025 Archange Michel Emmanuel MBOUNGOU MALONGA, Donatien MOUKASSA, Etienne MOKONDJIMOBE, Elamette GNYASSIBA BALEBOU, Christ Arnauld ITOUA OPIMBA, Lizen Oldanyh MOZOMA, Herman AKASSA, Syrlie Marina OSSEKE, Marianne Nipsia ZEGUEL, Alice NZAMBI PASSI spouse MATETE MOUNOI, Landry Martial MIGUEL, Ange Antoine ABENA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Assisted Discovery of Novel FXR Agonists for NASH Treatment
Background: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by lipid accumulation, inflammation, and progressive liver fibrosis. The lack of approved treatments highlights the need to identify new agonists of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a key regulator of lipid metabolism and bile acids. Methods: An integrated AI-assisted drug discovery pipeline was developed, combining a QSAR model based on graph neural networks (GraphConvModel), high-throughput virtual screening, in silico ADMET evaluation, and molecular docking. The model was trained on 3,450 ligands from ChEMBL and PubChem, then applied to screen approximately one million additional molecules from PubChem. Results: The model achieved high performance (R² = 0.89), reproducing the experimental activity hierarchy. Successive filters (Lipinski, bioavailability, DILI, hERG) led to nine candidate agonists, with molecules M9 (CID: 7190831) and M1 (CID: 8888557) showing the best docking scores (−49.37 and −49.11 kcal/mol). Their stable interactions with residues PHE363, ILE359, TYR358, and TRP451 confirm their agonist potential. Conclusion: The AI-ADMET-Docking pipeline is a rapid and reliable predictive tool for discovering FXR agonists. These results validate the value of AI in researching innovative treatments for NASH and pave the way for experimental validation of molecule M9 (CID: 7190831). Keywords: FXR, NASH/MASH, molecular modeling, Artificial Intelligence, Graph Neural Networks (GNN)
Copyright (c) 2025 Guy Müller Banquet Okra , Mona Hermann Charly Yapi , Koffi N’Guessan Placide Gabin Allangba , Koffi Charles Kouman , Yves Kily Hervé Fagnidi , Kré N. Raymond https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigation of a Novel PDEδ Inhibitor Targeting K-Ras in Colorectal Cancer: An in Silico and Computer-Aided Drug Design Approach
Introduction: Colorectal cancer is frequently associated with mutations in the KRAS gene, leading to abnormal activation of the KRas protein. Direct targeting of KRas remains a major therapeutic challenge due to the absence of suitable binding sites for small molecules. An alternative strategy involves inhibiting phosphodiesterase δ (PDEδ), a key regulator of KRas oncogenic signaling. Objective: This study aimed to identify novel PDEδ inhibitors through an in silico computer-aided design approach to block the oncogenic signaling of KRas in colorectal cancer. Methods: An integrated computational strategy was used, including pharmacophore modeling based on the crystal structure of PDEδ complexed with an inhibitor, virtual screening of chemical libraries, and drug-likeness filtering according to Lipinski and Veber rules. Selected compounds underwent molecular docking, ADME-Tox prediction, bioavailability assessment, and molecular dynamics simulations (GROMACS) to evaluate stability and binding behavior. Results: The identified hit compound showed strong binding affinity and stable hydrogen interactions with PDEδ. It met all Lipinski and Veber criteria, suggesting good pharmacokinetic potential and oral bioavailability. ADMET analysis revealed a favorable safety profile, and molecular dynamics simulations confirmed its greater stability compared to the co-crystallized ligand. Conclusion:This study identified a promising PDEδ inhibitor capable of interfering with KRas oncogenic signaling in colorectal cancer. These findings provide a solid foundation for the development of new targeted therapies, with future perspectives involving in vitro, in vivo, and clinical validation. Keywords: PDEδ, KRas, Colorectal cancer, Pharmacophore modeling, Virtual screening, Molecular docking, In silico approach, ADMET.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Mouhcine , Imane Rahnoune , Houda Filali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Gastroretentive Floating Microspheres of Metaxalone: A Novel Drug Delivery Approach for Muscle Relaxation
Floating microspheres are advanced gastroretentive drug delivery systems that have the ability to extend gastric residence time and increase the oral bioavailability of drugs having narrow absorption windows. This research aimed to develop and characterize floating microspheres of metaxalone to address its short half-life and poor bioavailability, thereby enhancing its therapeutic action. Microspheres were prepared by ionotropic gelation with the aid of sodium alginate, ethylcellulose, HPMC, and sodium bicarbonate as a gas-forming agent. The systems were evaluated in a routine manner for micromeritic characteristics, entrapment efficiency, buoyancy, in vitro release patterns, and stability. Physicochemical interactions were studied by FTIR and DSC, whereas morphology was viewed through SEM. The optimized formulation (F5) had 58.43% entrapment efficiency, 81.32% buoyancy, and 82.34% sustained drug release within 12 h. SEM micrographs illustrated spherical particles with hollow cores, and compatibility studies established the lack of drug–polymer interaction. Stability studies showed minimal fluctuation in drug release and buoyancy during the storage time. Metaxalone-loaded floating microspheres had controlled release and extended gastric retention, indicating their usefulness to increase bioavailability, minimize dosing frequency, and enhance patient compliance in the therapy of muscle relaxation. Keywords: Gastro-retentive drug delivery, floating microspheres, oral drug delivery systems, hollow microspheres, bioavailability enhancement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Brijesh Shukla, Akash Sharma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antitussive Activity and Toxicological Profile of the Aqueous Extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) Used in the Traditional Treatment of Cough in Togo
Introduction : Cough remains one of the most prevalent respiratory symptoms worldwide, particularly in developing countries where access to conventional therapies is often limited. Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.), traditionally used in Togo for the management of cough, was investigated for its antitussive activity and toxicological profile. Design : The aqueous extract of the aerial parts of Chenopodium ambrosioides (AECA) was prepared and evaluated. Antitussive activity was assessed in Wistar rats using an 25 % ammonium hydroxide solution induced cough model. Cytotoxicity was determined by the Artemia salina lethality assay, while acute oral toxicity was evaluated at a single dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight in rats. Results : AECA significantly and dose-dependently prolonged the cough latency period by 55.5%, 104.8%, and 141% at 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg, respectively, compared with the negative control (p < 0.05). Codeine camphosulfonate (10 mg/kg) increased latency by 168% (p < 0.05). AECA also reduced cough frequency by 30.8%, 51.3%, and 63.3% at the same respective doses, whereas codeine induced a 70.9% inhibition (p < 0.05). The Artemia salina assay revealed an LC₅₀ value of 0.70 mg/mL, classifying AECA as non-toxic according to Mousseux’s scale. In acute toxicity testing, no mortality or clinical signs of toxicity were observed over 14 days, and hematological (RBC, Hb, WBC) and biochemical (ALT, AST, urea, creatinine) parameters remained within normal limits. Conclusion : These findings demonstrate that AECA possesses significant, dose dependent antitussive activity and excellent safety, thereby validating its traditional use in cough management in Togo. Keywords : Chenopodium ambrosioides (L.) ; Antitussive activity ; Cytotoxicity ; Acute toxicity ; Cough ; Togo.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kodjo Akpadja , Tchadjobo Tchacondo , Essotolom Badjabaïssi , Kodjo Adi , Komlan Mawubedjro Dossou-Yovo, Ouro-Djeri Hafez, Komlanvi Esseh , Aboudou Azizou Dahounom , Kpoti Tokou Labite , Norbert Togbenou , Koffi Koudouvo , Amegnona Agbonon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Standardization and Development of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) of a Polyherbal Unani Formulation Qurṣ-i Bawāsīr
Qurṣ-i Bawāsīr (QB) is a highly potent compound Unani formulation as it has synergistic effect in the treatment of Bawāsīr (Piles). Its ingredients act as anti- inflammatory, analgesics, purgative and emollient. The present study aims at identification and authentication of the crude ingredients of QB, development of SOPs and HPTLC fingerprinting by modern analytical techniques to comprehend its quality. QB in its three different batches was evaluated for organoleptic parameters, microscopic studies, physicochemical parameters, phytochemical screening, TLC and HPTLC profile, aflatoxin, microbial load and heavy metal analysis. QB was successfully standardized with all the parameters such as total ash, acid insoluble ash, water and alcohol soluble matter and loss of weight on drying. Further, TLC and HPTLC fingerprinting profile was developed and detected under various detection systems, viz. UV 366nm, UV 254nm, exposure to iodine vapours and anisaldehyde sulphuric acid. The present study ensured authenticity of the Unani formulation and furnished referential facts for its identification and purity thereby substantiating a validated scientific data. Keywords: Qurṣ-i Bawāsīr, Unani formulation, Standardization, HPTLC
Copyright (c) 2025 Azizur Rahman, Shagufta Nikhat, Javed Inam Siddiqui, Uzma Viquar, Mohd. Abdul Rasheed Naikodi, Younis Iftikhar Munshi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Obesity can be defined as an abnormal or excessive accumulation of body fat that poses significant health risks, either independently or in association with other medical conditions. The primary health consequences of obesity can be better understood by examining the pathophysiological mechanisms behind increased adiposity. In obese individuals, the presence of excessive intra-abdominal (visceral) fat is a key indicator of poor metabolic health. These associated health risks may vary across different populations due to genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.In developed countries, the conservative estimate of the economic burden of obesity ranges between 2% and 7% of total healthcare expenditures. This reflects a substantial strain on national healthcare budgets, highlighting obesity as not only a medical concern but also a critical socioeconomic issue. Keywords: Obesity, Health, Risk-factors, Diabetes, Stroke.
Copyright (c) 2025 Trishna Mani Nath , Pallab Kalita , Gaurav Kumar Bhargav https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Adaptive Nanocarriers: A New Era in Transdermal Delivery with Transferosomes
Transferosomes represent a transformative class of ultra-deformable, elastic nanocarriers that have redefined the potential of transdermal drug delivery. Unlike conventional liposomes, which are largely restricted to topical applications, transferosomes possess unique membrane architectures incorporating edge activators such as surfactants or bile salts that confer exceptional flexibility and enable them to navigate the skin’s impermeable barrier via intracellular and transappendageal routes. This self-optimizing capability allows for non-invasive systemic delivers a very wide range of therapeutics, including macromolecules, vaccines, and hydrophobic drugs, with enhanced bioavailability and minimal irritation. Recent advances in microfluidic synthesis, quality-by-design (QbD) frameworks, and intelligent process controls have accelerated the development of robust, scalable manufacturing platforms for transferosomes. Meanwhile, the integration of machine learning and molecular dynamics simulations offers unprecedented predictive power in formulation design, optimizing traits such as vesicle size, encapsulation efficiency, and membrane elasticity. Regulatory pathways are also evolving, with growing emphasis on critical quality attributes like deformability index, stability under stress, and in vitro-in vivo correlation. This review comprehensively examines the biophysical principles governing transferosome behavior, state-of-the-art production techniques, and cutting-edge characterization tools essential for clinical translation. It also highlights emerging applications in personalized medicine, combinatorial therapy, and targeted dermatological treatments. As the pharmaceutical industry shifts toward patient-centric, non-invasive delivery solutions, transferosomes stand at the forefront bridging scientific innovation with tangible therapeutic impact and paving the way for a new era in transdermal nanomedicine. Keywords: Transferosome, Transdermal Drug Delivery, Edge Activators, Skin Penetration Mechanism, Quality by Design (QbD), Nanocarrier Characterization, Scalability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Shadab, Abdul Faiz Ansari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Green Tea Extract: An In-Depth Review of Its Potential in Weight and Blood Sugar Regulation
Obesity has emerged as a major public health concern, contributing to the growing occurrence of long-term health problems, including elevated blood pressure, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders. As a result, there is an increasing interest in exploring effective strategies for weight management and metabolic health. Green tea extract (GTE), known for its rich composition of bioactive polyphenolic compounds, especially catechins like epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), has gained attention for its potential therapeutic effects in combating obesity and associated metabolic disorders. This review integrates data from diverse scholarly databases, including Google Scholar, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, and PubMed, to comprehensively evaluate the phytochemical profile, pharmacological actions, and safety considerations of GTE, with a particular focus on its anti-obesity, antioxidant, and metabolic benefits. Preclinical and clinical evidence suggest that GTE promotes fat oxidation, enhances insulin sensitivity, and stimulates thermogenesis, all of which contribute to its role in weight management and metabolic regulation. Additionally, its potent antioxidant properties help mitigate oxidative stress, thereby offering protection against cellular damage and chronic disease progression. Although the results are promising, further studies are required to establish the ideal dosages, assess the long-term safety of GTE, and optimize its clinical uses. This review highlights the potential of GTE as a valuable therapeutic adjunct in the management of obesity, while emphasizing the need for continued investigation into its broader health benefits. Keywords: Green tea extract, Catechin, Epigallocatechin gallate, Anti-obesity, Antioxidant
Copyright (c) 2025 Thimmannagari Sravani , Hebbani Nagarajappa Shivaprasad , Gaurav Soni , Madhu Krishnamani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integrating Traditional and Modern Knowledge: A Review on Khulanjan (Alpinia galanga) in Unani Medicine
Aims and objective: Khulanjan (Alpinia galanga) is a rhizomatous Zingiberaceae herb long used in Unani medicine. Classical texts ascribe to Khulanjan a warm, dry temperament (Unani mizāj) and describe it as a carminative digestive stimulant and tonic (e.g. Mufarreh, Muqawwi-e-Meda, Muqawwi-e-Qalb), with expectorant and cardiac tonic actions. The objectives of this review are to examine and correlate these traditional Unani uses of khulanjan with modern pharmacological findings; to bridge classical knowledge and contemporary science; and to identify potential therapeutic applications of its bioactive constituents. These traditional uses for indigestion, flatulence, respiratory complaints and weakness reflect its characterization as an aromatic, stimulant herb. Modern phytochemical analyses identify key bioactive constituents in Khulanjan rhizome, including the flavonoid galangin and volatile oils rich in 1,8-cineole, β-pinene, methyl cinnamate, borneol and related terpenes. Such compounds confer demonstrable bioactivities: experimental studies report strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects of A. galanga extracts. For example, high phenolic/flavonoid content in the rhizome correlates with potent radical‐scavenging and antibacterial activity in vitro. Thus, contemporary research largely validates classical claims: Khulanjan’s traditional designation as a digestive/carminative tonic and healer of ‘phlegm’ and inflammation finds support in its phytochemistry and observed pharmacology. This synthesis of Unani doctrine and modern evidence underscores that the age-old uses of Khulanjan have a rational basis, illustrating how classical herbal wisdom aligns with scientific pharmacological validation. Keywords: Alpinia galanga; Khulanjan; Unani medicine; Mizaj; phytochemicals; antioxidant; anti-inflammatory; antimicrobial.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Wasim Ahmed, Safder Husain , Reesha Ahmed , Ziaul Haq Siddiqui https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Holistic Review of Thrombosis Covering Diagnosis, Conventional Treatment, Nutraceutical Prevention and Advanced Drug Delivery
Thrombosis, or the formation of blood clots within blood vessels, is a serious medical condition that can lead to life-threatening complications. It is a complex process involving interactions between hemostatic, hemodynamic, and surface parameters. The risk factors for thrombosis include cancer, surgery, trauma, and genetic conditions. According to research, cancer patients are at a higher risk of developing thrombosis, with venous thromboembolism being the second most common cause of death in these patients. Understanding the causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for thrombosis is crucial for preventing and managing this condition. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge on thrombosis, including its pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic tools, and treatment. Keywords: Thrombosis, Blood clots, Hemostasis, Thrombolytic therapy, Anticoagulation, Cardiovascular disease
Copyright (c) 2025 Mayur S. Jambhulkar, Pooja R. Hatwar , Ravindra L. Bakal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Review on Design and Application of Advanced Superporous Hydrogels in Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery System
Superporous hydrogels (SPHs) are a promising type of material for gastro-retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS). They are attracting attention because of their ability to swell very quickly, their strong mechanical structure, and their long gastric retention. These hydrogels contain a network of interconnected pores that allows them to absorb a large amount of gastric fluid within minutes. As a result, they expand to many times larger than their original size. This rapid swelling helps them stay in the stomach by preventing their passage through the pylorus, which supports a longer residence time and controlled release of drugs at the required site. SPHs can be prepared from natural or synthetic polymers and often include cross-linking agents, gas-forming substances, and bioadhesive components to enhance their function. Their responsiveness to pH and mechanical stress makes them suitable for drugs that are absorbed in specific stomach regions, have poor solubility, or are unstable in the intestine. This review highlights methods of SPH preparation, important design factors, and drug-loading techniques. It also discusses their evaluation in laboratory studies (in vitro) for swelling, strength, and release performance. Despite encouraging results, several challenges remain, including large-scale production, differences in gastric motility, and concerns about polymer-related toxicity. Overall, SPHs hold significant potential to provide reliable, efficient, and patient-friendly options for oral drug delivery. With further research and improved formulation strategies, they may become a key platform for achieving safe and effective gastro-retentive therapies. Keywords: Super Porous Hydrogels (SPHs), Rapid swelling, Porous structure, Gastric Retention
Copyright (c) 2025 Vinayak Choudhary, Aatish Attri, Dr Palak, Ritika Gupta , Kapil Kumar Verma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Maternal Hypoxia and Its Epigenetic Imprint: Long-Term Implications on Immune System Ontogeny and Forensic Biomarker Identification in Offspring
Maternal hypoxia is a critical disruptor of fetal development, with enduring consequences for immune system ontogeny. This review examines the multifactorial impacts of intrauterine oxygen deprivation, emphasizing its role in impairing immune competence through disruptions in T and B cell differentiation, altered cytokine signaling, and long-lasting epigenetic reprogramming. The fetal immune system, highly sensitive to oxygen levels during gestation, is particularly vulnerable to these changes, which elevate lifelong susceptibility to infections, allergies, autoimmune diseases, and chronic inflammation. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) mediate many of these effects by interacting with epigenetic regulators such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs that modulate gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. In addition to pathophysiological outcomes, the review highlights the forensic potential of hypoxia-induced epigenetic markers. These stable, exposure-sensitive modifications offer promising tools for reconstructing prenatal environments in post-mortem investigations, especially when traditional pathological indicators are absent. Technologies including bisulfite sequencing, pyrosequencing, and droplet digital PCR are evaluated for their utility in detecting these markers in degraded biological samples. This paper also addresses geographic and socioeconomic disparities that exacerbate hypoxia risks, particularly in high-altitude and low-resource settings, and underscores the importance of prenatal care, nutritional optimization, and early intervention. Based on a structured literature review of peer-reviewed studies from 2019 to 2024, this work integrates emerging evidence linking maternal hypoxia to immune dysfunction, developmental programming, and forensic science. It advocates for interdisciplinary research and public health strategies aimed at mitigating hypoxia-related risks and improving maternal-fetal outcomes across the lifespan. Keywords: Maternal hypoxia, Forensic Biomarkers, Forensic Epigenetics, Immune dysfunction, Epigenetics Markers
Copyright (c) 2025 Augustine Chinedu Ihim , Chinaza Favour Onyeje , Tochukwu Anthony Ikwelle , Patrick Chinedu Obi , Ini Edeh , Donatus F.N. Ozuruoke , Romanus Ogai Ogalagu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nipah Virus (NiV) at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface: Emerging Insights into Spillover Dynamics, Neurotropism, and Future Pandemic Risk
Nipah virus (NiV), a highly pathogenic member of the Henipavirus genus within the Paramyxoviridae family, continues to represent a critical zoonotic threat at the intersection of humans, animals, and the environment. First identified in Malaysia in 1998, NiV has since emerged as a paradigm of viral spillover driven by ecological disruption and anthropogenic activities. This review elucidates contemporary insights into the complex interplay governing NiV transmission dynamics, molecular neurotropism, and its potential to precipitate future pandemics. The spillover of NiV from its natural reservoir, Pteropus fruit bats, to intermediate hosts such as pigs, and ultimately to humans, is profoundly influenced by habitat fragmentation, agricultural intensification, and climate-induced alterations in bat foraging behavior. At the molecular level, NiV exhibits pronounced neurotropism and vasculotropism mediated through its interaction with ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3 receptors, leading to widespread endothelial infection, microvascular damage, and neuronal dysfunction that culminate in fatal encephalitis. Moreover, the virus demonstrates immune evasion strategies that suppress interferon signaling, thereby facilitating systemic dissemination. Despite its high case fatality rate and recurrent outbreaks in South and Southeast Asia, the absence of licensed antiviral therapies or vaccines underscores the urgency of advancing translational research and cross-sectoral surveillance frameworks. The convergence of ecological perturbations, viral adaptability, and limited healthcare infrastructure in endemic regions amplifies the likelihood of future spillover and sustained human-to-human transmission. A unified One Health approach integrating virological, ecological, and epidemiological disciplines is imperative to mitigate NiV’s pandemic potential and to strengthen global preparedness against emerging zoonoses. Keywords: Neurotropism, Nipah virus (NiV), One Health, Pandemic preparedness, Spillover dynamics, Zoonotic transmission.
Copyright (c) 2025 Trilochan Satapathy , Poonam Sahu , Abhisek Satapathy , Shiv Kumar Bhardwaj , Abinash Satapathy, Neha Yadav , Kunal Chandrakar, Manisha Chandrakar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Intranasal nanoparticulate drug delivery systems for neurodegenerative disorders: an Overview
Intranasal nanoparticulate drug delivery systems have received increased attention in pharmaceutical research due to their ability to increase drug bioavailability, bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and provide non-invasive, patient-friendly alternatives to drug administration, particularly for drugs intended for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Drugs delivered via nasal route can enter the CNS via the olfactory pathway or the trigeminal nerve pathway, enabling access to deeper regions. Intranasal nanoparticulate systems have several pharmacological benefits, including increased bioavailability, a faster onset of action, higher patient compliance, and less systemic adverse effects. Intranasal nanoparticulate drug delivery has shown promise in a variety of therapeutic areas, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, and anxiety. Intranasal vaccinations and antibacterial Nanoparticle are also utilized to treat respiratory and viral illnesses. This technique is thought to be useful in brain-targeted chemotherapeutic drugs for glioblastoma treatment. The authors of this review attempted to investigate the pharmacological features of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems, including their benefits, mechanisms, formulation methodologies, and clinical applications. Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, Drug delivery, Nanoparticle, Nasal route, Neuro inflammation, Parkinson’s disease,
Copyright (c) 2025 Poonam Sahu , Kunal Chandrakar , Princy Kashyap , Manoj Kumar , Arvind Kumar , Abhisek Satapathy , Abinash Satapathy , Shiv Kumar Bhardwaj , Trilochan Satapathy , Manisha Chandrakar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Omega-3 Fatty Acids: From Natural Sources to Clinical Applications: An Integrative Review
Omega-3 fatty acids, including alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential polyunsaturated fats known for their vital roles in cardiovascular, neurological, and inflammatory health. Growing awareness of their therapeutic benefits, coupled with sustainability concerns, has intensified research into their natural sources, biosynthesis, pharmacokinetics, and clinical applications. This review provides an integrative synthesis of recent advances in omega-3 fatty acid research, encompassing their sources, bioavailability, sustainability, mechanisms of action, and clinical relevance. Plant-based oils, marine fish, krill, and microalgae remain key natural sources, while innovations such as algal oils and genetically engineered crops present sustainable alternatives. The human conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is inherently limited due to Δ6-desaturase and elongase enzyme constraints, with efficiency affected by genetic, hormonal, and dietary factors. Bioavailability is influenced by molecular form, with triglyceride, ethyl ester, and phospholipid structures displaying varying absorption and metabolic profiles. Mechanistically, omega-3 fatty acids regulate inflammation, maintain neuronal membrane integrity, and improve vascular function, with emerging evidence suggesting potential anti-cancer effects. Collectively, these insights underscore the significant preventive and therapeutic potential of omega-3 fatty acids and highlight the need for optimizing bioavailability, advancing sustainable production, and personalizing clinical applications to support future nutrition and healthcare strategies. Keywords: Omega-3 fatty acids, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Docosahexaenoic acid , Bioavailability, Sustainable nutrient sources, Clinical nutrition
Copyright (c) 2025 Poonam Sahu , Shiv Kumar Bhardwaj , Abinash Satapathy , Abhisek Satapathy , Arvind Kumar , Manoj Kumar , Princy Kashyap , Kunal Chandrakar , Manisha Chandrakar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Parenteral Products in the Modern Era: Critical Analysis of Manufacturing Technologies, Regulatory Evolution, and Industry Challenges
Objective: To provide a comprehensive review of parenteral product manufacturing with emphasis on aseptic processing, terminal sterilization, lyophilization technologies, and evolving regulatory requirements, while addressing current industry challenges and emerging trends. Methods: Critical analysis of FDA/EMA/WHO regulatory guidance (2020-2025), peer-reviewed literature, industry case studies, and recent technological advances in sterile manufacturing. Key Findings: The implementation of EU Annex 1 (2022) has introduced fundamental changes in contamination control strategies. Nitrosamine impurities have emerged as a critical quality concern across parenteral products. Advanced analytical technologies, including Process Analytical Technology (PAT) and real-time monitoring, are reshaping quality assurance approaches. Container-closure integrity testing has evolved from probabilistic to deterministic methods. The industry faces ongoing challenges in data integrity, environmental monitoring, and technology adoption while navigating complex regulatory expectations. Conclusions: Success in modern parenteral manufacturing requires integration of Quality by Design principles, risk-based approaches, and advanced technologies while maintaining robust sterility assurance. The balance between innovation and regulatory compliance remains critical for ensuring patient safety and product quality. Keywords: Parenteral products; aseptic processing; terminal sterilization; lyophilization; contamination control strategy; Quality by Design; regulatory compliance
Copyright (c) 2025 Venkata Srikanth Meka , Murali Krishna Prasad Vallabhaneni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0