Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics
Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT) is a double-blind peer-reviewed International Journal dedicated to the publication of research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, Short communications and case studies. This publication is aimed at a broad, interdisciplinary audience of academic and industrial researchers actively engaged in basic and applied laboratory practice, related to Pharmaceutical Science and Therapeutics.
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Therapeutic Advancement in Cardiovascular Disorders: Molecular Mechanisms, Emerging Targets and Translational Perspectives
Cardiovascular disorders (CVD) have been addressed as the leading cause of global mortality and morbidity which majorly includes atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmias and cardiomyopathies. Its pathogenesis involves various interconnected molecular mechanisms such as endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, mitochondrial impairment, lipid dysregulation, fibrosis and genetic alterations. The conventional pharmacological strategy of CVD includes statins, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), calcium channel blockers and antiplatelet agents. Clinically, though these medications have provided substantial improved outcomes but its long-term usage has been frequently associated with drug resistance, hepatotoxicity, myopathy, renal dysfunction, bleeding risk and residual cardiovascular events. Moreover, these primarily target symptomatic and hemodynamic abnormalities rather than the underlying molecular pathology. Recent advances in molecular cardiology and translational medicine have facilitated the development of targeted therapeutic strategies that primarily aims to overcome these limitations. Specifically, targeting dysregulated lipid pathophysiology, stains utilization has evolved to PCSK9 inhibitors and small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapeutics, such as inclisiran. Precision medication strategy has made the use of RNA therapeutics and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated which enable precise regulation of disease-associated genes. Regenerative stem cell therapies, on the other hand promoted myocardial repair and angiogenesis, while nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems improved therapeutic specificity and bioavailability. In parallel to this, AI-assisted precision cardiology has enabled early diagnosis, risk stratification, and individualized treatment planning strategies. However, despite these advances, challenges related to safety, delivery efficacy, ethical concerns and expense remain the major barriers to widespread clinical translation of these therapeutic advancements in cardiac patients. Keywords: Cardiovascular disorders, Conventional cardiac-therapeutics, PCSK9 inhibitors
Copyright (c) 2026 Shibani Jena, Shailaja Lenka , Chetna Patra , Sanjay Kumar Raul https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effectiveness of Nutool (Irrigation Therapy) in the Management of Sar’a (Epilepsy): A Case Report
Background: Epilepsy (Sara) is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures due to abnormal neuronal activity. In Unani system of medicine, it is attributed to the accumulation of morbid humors, particularly Balgham, in the brain. Nutool (irrigation therapy) is a regimenal therapy used to restore humoral balance and improve neurological function. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of Nutool (Irrigation Therapy) in the management of sar’a (Epilepsy). Case Presentation: A 20-year-old female presented with recurrent seizures (2–3 episodes/month) for 4 years, along with loss of consciousness, headache, and post-ictal confusion. She was diagnosed with Sar’a Balghami. Intervention and Results: Nutool therapy using a medicated decoction of Babuna, Nakhuna, Marzanjosh, Sa’tar, and Rehan was administered over the scalp for 30 minutes on alternate days for 28 days. The patient showed a reduction in seizure frequency from 3 to 1 episode per month, along with improvement in sleep, cognition, and overall well-being. No adverse effects were observed. Conclusion: Nutool therapy appears to be a safe and effective adjunct in epilepsy management, improving symptoms and quality of life. Further clinical studies are required to validate these findings. Keywords: Epilepsy; Nutool therapy; Sar’a; Unani medicine
Copyright (c) 2026 Safiya Anjum , Rumana Usmani , Arif Anees , Munawwar Gauri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Gut–Brain Axis Dysregulation in Migraine: Clinical Improvement Following Unani Management: A Case Series
Background: Migraine is a disabling neurological disorder frequently associated with gastrointestinal disturbances. Emerging evidence suggests an important role of the gut–brain axis in migraine pathophysiology. In Unani medicine, headache associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction is described as Sudaa-e-Shirki Maidi. Cases: Eight patients with migraine without aura associated with gastrointestinal disturbances attending the OPD of the Regional Research Centre (Unani), Prayagraj, were included. Common symptoms included recurrent headache, nausea, reflux, abdominal discomfort, constipation, and altered bowel habits. Intervention: Patients received Unani treatment comprising Itrifal Kishneezi and Khamira Gaozaban Sada for 12 weeks. Outcomes: The mean Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score decreased from 9.3 to 1.5, while the mean headache frequency reduced from 3.3 to 0.9 episodes per week. Complete symptomatic relief was observed in two patients, marked improvement in five patients, and moderate improvement in one patient. No adverse effects were reported. Conclusion: This case series suggests that Unani management may provide clinical benefit in migraine associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction and supports a possible role of gut–brain axis involvement in migraine pathophysiology. Keywords: Migraine; Gut–brain axis; Sudaa-e-Shirki Maidi; Gastrointestinal disturbances; Integrative Medicine; Case series
Copyright (c) 2026 Asia Khanam , Javed Ali Khan , Dr Rajesh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Microbiological characterization of traditional djalaa beer marketed in Sarh (Chad) during the dry and rainy seasons
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of the traditional beer Djalaa according to seasonal variations in Sarh, Chad. Methods: Microbiological analyses were conducted on djalaa beer samples collected during the dry and rainy seasons. Standard microbiological methods based on ISO standards were used for the enumeration and detection of Escherichia coli, total coliforms, Salmonella spp., and yeasts. Results: Escherichia coli was detected in all analyzed samples, with values ranging from 2 to 10.33 CFU/mL during the dry season and from 70 to 114.3 CFU/mL during the rainy season. Total coliform counts ranged from 70 to 114.33 CFU/mL during the dry season and from 7.7 to 483.33 CFU/mL during the rainy season. Salmonella spp. was detected in all samples, with concentrations varying from 0.33 to 3 CFU/mL during the dry season and from 1.33 to 6.1 CFU/mL during the rainy season. Yeast counts were generally higher during the rainy season, reaching 16266.66 ± 4688.81 CFU/mL. Keywords: djalaa, Microbiological characterization, Traditional beer, Dry and rainy seasons, Chad
Copyright (c) 2026 Emmanuel ben Rangadam Faya , Doloum Gomoung , Angéline Kemsol Nagorngar , Assadi Michel , Benjamen Tchamagoye Kiddindiwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Emerging Trends in Effervescent Granules: From Conventional Formulation to Novel Drug Delivery System: A Review
Purpose: Widely used pharmaceutical dosages form are effervescent granules designed to improve bioavailability, drug dissolution and improve the patient compliance. This review provide a brief overview of modern formulation approaches and highlights the recent improvement in effervescent granules based delivery. Effervescent granule a widely used pharmaceutical dosages form designed to improve bioavailability, drug dissolution and improve patient compliance. This review provide a comprehensive overview of conventional formulation approaches and highlights the recent advantages in effervescent granule based delivery system. Methods: A comprehensive review of published literature, including research articles, review paper, and pharmaceutical text, was conducted. The collected data were analysed with respect of formulation principles, evaluation parameter, and recent technological advancement in effervescent systems. Results: Effervescent granules work on the function of acid base reaction that generates carbon dioxide when it come in contact with the water result in rapid disintegration and enhanced drug dissolution. This system offers rapid onset of action, enhanced palatability and better patient compliance. Recent innovation include control-release formulation, gastro retentive floating system, nanotechnology-based approaches and 3D printing techniques, have substantially expanded pharmaceutical application and therapeutic prospect. Conclusion: Effervescent granule portray a versatile and developing drug delivery system that bridges conventional formulation with modern pharmaceutical approach. Continuous advancement are expected to further improve their stability, efficacy and role in patient centric and personalized drug delivery system. Keywords: Effervescent granules, drug delivery system, bioavailability, formulation, control release, emerging trends
Copyright (c) 2026 Nidhi Tiwari, Abhijeet Ojha, Arun Kumar Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Randomized Comparative Trial to Evaluate the Role of Bala Beeja Granules and Jeevanti Granules in Fetal and Maternal Wellbeing W.S.R To Garbhini Paricharya in the Second Trimester
Ayurveda emphasizes comprehensive antenatal care through the concept of Garbhini Paricharya, which advocates month-wise dietary and lifestyle regimens to promote optimal fetal and maternal wellbeing. The present randomized comparative clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the role of Bala Beeja Granules and Jeevanti Granules both described under Madhura Skandha by Acharya Charak in supporting fetal and maternal wellbeing during the second trimester of pregnancy. Sixty uncomplicated pregnant women aged 21– 40 years were randomly allocated into two groups, with Group A receiving Bala Beeja Granules and Group B receiving Jeevanti Granules in a dose of 10 g twice daily with milk for 16 weeks. Assessment was carried out using fetal biometry parameters, estimated fetal weight, amniotic fluid index, Doppler indices, maternal anthropometric measures, biochemical parameters and relief of minor pregnancy ailments. Both interventions demonstrated encouraging outcomes in maintaining fetal growth parameters within Indian and international reference standards. However, Group B showed comparatively higher mean values for abdominal circumference, femur length, biparietal diameter, and estimated fetal weight at 28 weeks, suggesting a modest advantage in fetal growth promotion. Doppler studies in both groups remained within normal physiological limits, with Group B showing values closer to reference standards, indicating better uteroplacental adaptation. Maternal parameters such as Symphysio fundal height, abdominal girth, weight gain and BMI showed improvement in both groups, with slightly better trends in Group B. Relief in minor ailments differed between groups, with Group A showing greater improvement in constipation and general debility, while Group B showed better relief in pallor and palpitations. No adverse drug reactions were observed. The study concludes that both Bala Beeja Granules and Jeevanti Granules are safe and effective formulations for supporting fetal and maternal wellbeing during the second trimester with Jeevanti Granules demonstrating a marginal clinical advantage in enhancing fetal growth and maternal nutritional status. Keywords: Ayurveda, Garbhini Paricharya, Antenatal Care, Fetal Growth; Maternal Health, Pregnancy, Second Trimester, Randomized Controlled Trial, Herbal Medicine, Bala (Sida cordifolia), Jeevanti (Leptadenia reticulata), Fetal Biometry, Estimated Fetal Weight.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pooja Dadhich , B. Pushpalatha , K. Bharathi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Neuro-Immune Axis in Ayurveda: An Integrative Analysis of the Vata–Manas–Ojas Triad and Modern Psychoneuroimmunology
Background: Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) has established that psychological stress influences immune function by activating the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Interestingly, classical Ayurveda appears to describe a functionally similar framework for mind–body–immune interaction through the interconnected concepts of Vata, Manas, and Ojas. Exploring these conceptual parallels may yield valuable insights into integrative models of health and disease. Objective: To examine the convergence between Ayurvedic concepts of neuroimmune regulation and contemporary psychoneuroimmunology, and to develop an integrative framework that links traditional Ayurvedic principles with modern biomedical mechanisms. Methods: A conceptual and comparative analysis was conducted using classical Ayurvedic literature, particularly the Charaka Samhita, alongside seminal theories of stress proposed by Hans Selye and contemporary research in psychoneuroimmunology. Key Ayurvedic constructs were systematically mapped onto recognized neuroendocrine and immunological pathways. Results: The analysis revealed significant functional parallels between Ayurvedic and modern neuroimmunological models. Vata was found to correspond closely with neural regulatory processes, Manas with psychological and cognitive functions, and Ojas with immune competence and systemic resilience. The Ayurvedic concept of Chittodvega (mental agitation) demonstrated notable similarities to chronic psychological stress, including dysregulation of the HPA axis and subsequent alterations in immune function. These interactions provide a coherent framework for understanding the development of stress-related inflammatory disorders, autoimmune diseases, and age-associated neuroimmune decline. Conclusion: Classical Ayurvedic literature presents a sophisticated conceptual model of mind–body–immune interactions that parallels key principles of modern psychoneuroimmunology. The Vata–Manas–Ojas triad offers a potentially valuable framework for understanding the neuroendocrine and immunological consequences of psychological stress. Future translational research integrating Ayurvedic theory with contemporary biomedical methodologies may enhance understanding of stress-related disorders and support the development of holistic therapeutic strategies. Keywords: Psychoneuroimmunology; Ayurveda; Vata; Manas; Ojas; Chittodvega; Stress; HPA Axis; Neuroimmune Regulation; Integrative Medicine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Falguni Joshi , Udai Raj Saroj, HML Meena https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics of plain and soluble brands of aspirin tablets embedded in food bolus orally administered to human volunteers
Many people ingest solid drugs embedded in food bolus to alleviate the problems of gastric irritation, unpleasant taste and odour which may affect the biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics of the drugs. This study investigated the biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics of plain and soluble brands of aspirin tablets embedded in food bolus orally administered to human volunteers. The pharmacokinetic profiles of two brands of commercial, uncoated aspirin tablets (300 mg) were assessed in eight healthy human volunteers when taken unembedded and when embedded in food bolus. The tablet samples were coded as S (soluble or dispersible aspirin tablet), P (plain or immediate-release aspirin tablet), SB (soluble aspirin tablet embedded in food bolus) and PB (plain aspirin tablet embedded in food bolus). Pharmacokinetic parameters generated from the salivary excretion data were evaluated. The biopharmaceutics factors of the drugs were also considered. The cumulative drug excreted up to 24 hours [E24h] and maximum excretion rate [dE/dt]max of S were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than P, SB and PB. Time for maximum excretion rate [Tmax] of S was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than P, SB and PB. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between P and SB, but PB had significantly lower E24h, and [dE/dt]max (P < 0.05) and significantly higher Tmax (P < 0.05) than P and SB. Food coating and excipients were observed as the biopharmaceutics factors that influenced the pharmacokinetics of the aspirin tablets. Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics of aspirin tablets may be significantly altered when embedded in food bolus. Keywords: Biopharmaceutics; Pharmacokinetics; Bioavailability; Food Bolus; Aspirin.
Copyright (c) 2026 Emmanuel Adelaja Bamigbola , Jude Nkemjika Oraeluno , Amaka Victoria Ekezie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Artificial Intelligence in Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery: Current Applications and Future Perspectives
Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly reshaping pharmaceutics and drug delivery, offering computational alternatives to traditional trial-and-error approaches in formulation design, nanocarrier engineering, and manufacturing. This review examines the current applications of machine learning, deep learning, reinforcement learning, and generative AI architectures across the pharmaceutical product lifecycle, from target identification and lead optimization to dosage form development and clinical translation. Particular attention is given to AI-driven prediction of excipient compatibility, formulation stability, and bioavailability, as well as the design of smart nanocarriers, stimuli-responsive delivery systems, and 3D-printed dosage forms enabled by graph neural networks, transformer-based models, and Bayesian optimization techniques. The review also traces the historical evolution of computational pharmaceutics, from early rule-based prediction systems to current high-throughput, automation-integrated platforms, and highlights emerging tools such as digital twins, federated learning frameworks, and AI-supported nanorobotics for targeted intracellular delivery. Despite these advances, significant challenges persist, including limited data availability and standardization, algorithmic opacity and the demand for explainable AI, and the absence of harmonized regulatory frameworks for validating AI-driven decision-making in drug development. The review further considers data quality and interpretability concerns specific to nanomedicine, alongside the regulatory and ethical considerations necessary for clinical adoption. Future directions emphasize the integration of multi-omics data, real-time adaptive drug delivery systems, and quantum-AI convergence to advance personalized medicine. Addressing these barriers through interdisciplinary collaboration, standardized data repositories, and transparent regulatory guidance will be essential to translating AI-enabled pharmaceutical innovations from computational design into safe, effective clinical therapeutics. Keywords: Artificial intelligence; machine learning; drug delivery; nanomedicine; formulation design; personalized medicine; deep learning; pharmaceutics
Copyright (c) 2026 Ritika Sharma, Harmeet Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
GC-MS analysis of ethanolic extract of Momordica charantia fruit
Researchers are particularly interested in medicinal plants because most pharmaceutical businesses use them to make pharmaceutical compounds. Traditionally, especially in India, a large number of compounds utilized as food colors, tastes, perfumes, and medicinal biochemicals are obtained from plants. Most herbal treatments and their derivative products were often made from crude plant extracts, which are a complex mixture of various phytochemical constituents (plant secondary metabolites). The chemical properties of these components differ greatly between species. The GC-MS method employed for the study of the extracted materials is an interesting instrument for figuring out the concentration of specific active principles in herbs used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this work was to discover bioactive compounds from the ethanolic fruit extract of Momordica charantia using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The GCMS-QP2010 Ultra Version was used to perform GCMS analysis of the ethanolic extract in accordance with standard procedure. The findings demonstrated the presence of various 32 phytochemicals, including heptacosanoic acid, Eicosanoic acid,Eicosanoic acid, Undecanoic acid, docanoic acid, decanal, 1-(Pyrrolidin-3-yl) pyrazole, Tricotanoic acid in the ethanolic extract of M. charantia. Because of the ethanolic extract contains secondary metabolites, the M. charantia may have anti-inflammatory, Antifungal, neurological disorders, anti-tumor, anti-microbial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic properties. These results support the traditional use of M. charantia for a number of ailments. Further research is needed to determine the extract's active ingredient and elucidate its exact method of action in a range of ailments. Keywords: 1-(Pyrrolidin-3-yl) pyrazole, M. charantia, Heptacosanoic acid, Eicosanoic acid, Decanal
Copyright (c) 2026 Brij Raj Singh; Amita Verma, Vinay Kumar Yadav https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comprehensive Review on Soft Gelatin Capsules: Industrial Manufacturing, Technological Advancements, and Regulatory Perspectives
Soft gelatin capsules (SGCs) are versatile and the most established oral dosage forms in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical product development due to their ability to facilitate the delivery of liquid and semisolid formulations, improve patient acceptability, and enhance the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Over the years, SGC technology has evolved from a conventional encapsulation approach into an advanced drug delivery platform capable of supporting complex formulation strategies and therapeutic applications. Current review aims to comprehensively examines the historical development, classification, composition, physicochemical characteristics, advantages, and limitations of soft gelatin capsules, with particular emphasis on the functional roles of gelatin, plasticizers, fill materials, and auxiliary excipients in determining product quality and performance. This review further discusses compatibility assessment, formulation development, and stability considerations, together with critical aspects of industrial manufacturing, including rotary die encapsulation, ribbon formation, encapsulation mechanisms, drying processes, and moisture control. Quality-focused manufacturing approaches, such as Quality by Design (QbD), Process Analytical Technology (PAT), process optimization, and in-process quality control, are highlighted for their contributions to robust and efficient production. Important characterization methods, including mechanical evaluation, in vitro evaluation studies and stability studies, are also summarized. In addition, emerging applications involving lipid-based formulations, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems, controlled-release technologies, and bioavailability enhancement strategies are critically reviewed. Recent advancements in digital manufacturing, non-gelatin shell materials, nanotechnology-based systems, advanced sealing technologies, automation, and three-dimensional (3D) printing are discussed in the context of next-generation capsule development. Regulatory requirements, cGMP compliance, validation practices, sustainability considerations, intellectual property trends, and future industrial opportunities are also addressed, providing a comprehensive perspective on the current status and future direction of soft gelatin capsule technology. Keywords: Soft gelatin capsules; Rotary die encapsulation; Quality by Design (QbD); Lipid-based drug delivery systems; Regulatory compliance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chinna Reddy Palem, Vamshi Krishna Lekkala , Nishanth Kumar Nagamalli , Sridhar Gumudevelli , Sri Varsha Sampeta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Biogenic Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Using Hydroethanolic Flower Extract of Tabernaemontana divaricata and Assessment of Antibacterial Properties on Cotton Fabric
Background: Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using medicinal plant extracts has emerged as an eco-friendly and sustainable approach for developing bioactive nanomaterials with potential biomedical and textile applications. Tabernaemontana divaricata is a medicinal plant rich in phytochemicals that can act as reducing and stabilizing agents during nanoparticle synthesis. Objective: To synthesize copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using the hydroethanolic flower extract of Tabernaemontana divaricata, characterize the synthesized nanoparticles, and evaluate their antioxidant and antibacterial properties on cotton fabric. Materials and Methods: Copper nanoparticles were synthesized through a green synthesis approach using hydroethanolic flower extract of Tabernaemontana divaricata. The synthesized CuNPs were characterized using UV–Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, and XRD analysis. Qualitative phytochemical screening was performed to identify bioactive constituents. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging, FRAP, and Hydrogen Peroxide scavenging assays. Cotton fabrics were coated with CuNPs using the dip-coating method and evaluated for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, including wash durability studies. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides, proteins, carbohydrates, saponins, and starch. UV–Visible spectroscopy confirmed nanoparticle formation through characteristic surface plasmon resonance. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of hydroxyl and other functional groups involved in nanoparticle stabilization. SEM images showed predominantly spherical nanoparticles, while XRD analysis confirmed their crystalline nature. The synthesized CuNPs exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activity in DPPH, FRAP, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays. CuNP-coated cotton fabrics demonstrated effective antibacterial activity against both E. coli and B. subtilis and retained considerable antimicrobial efficacy after washing cycles. Conclusion: The study successfully demonstrated the green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Tabernaemontana divaricata flower extract. The synthesized CuNPs exhibited significant antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and the nanoparticle-coated cotton fabric showed durable antimicrobial properties, highlighting its potential application in medical textiles and healthcare products. Keywords: Tabernaemontana divaricata, Copper Nanoparticles, Green Synthesis, Antioxidant Activity, Antibacterial Activity, Cotton Fabric, Medical Textiles
Copyright (c) 2026 N. Nirmala Devi , P. Sumi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Classical Unani Perspectives, Contemporary Understanding, and Therapeutic Approaches: A Narrative Review
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine and metabolic disorders affecting women of reproductive age and is characterized by menstrual irregularities, hyperandrogenism, anovulation, infertility, obesity, and insulin resistance. Despite its high prevalence and significant impact on reproductive and metabolic health, the etiopathogenesis of PCOS remains complex and multifactorial. Although PCOS is not explicitly described in classical Unani literature, several of its clinical manifestations, including amenorrhoea, oligomenorrhoea, obesity, hirsutism, infertility, and acne, have been documented by eminent Unani physicians such as Rāzī, Ibn Sīnā, and Jurjānī. Unani scholars attributed these manifestations to disturbances in temperament (Su’-i-Mizāj), particularly the predominance of Barid wa Ratab (cold and moist) qualities and derangements of Balghamī humour. This review aims to explore the understanding of PCOS from both contemporary and Unani perspectives and to highlight the therapeutic potential of Unani medicine in its management. Relevant classical Unani texts and contemporary scientific literature were reviewed to examine the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, complications, and treatment approaches of PCOS. The review describes the role of Ilāj bi’l-Tadbīr (regimenal therapy), Ilāj bi’l-Ghidhā’ (dietotherapy), and Ilāj bi’l-Dawā’ (pharmacotherapy) in restoring humoral balance and improving reproductive and metabolic functions. Several medicinal plants, including ginger, liquorice, cinnamon, fenugreek, flaxseed, Nigella sativa, Tribulus terrestris, and Asparagus racemosus, have demonstrated beneficial effects on insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, menstrual irregularities, and fertility. Classical compound formulations such as Majūn Suparī Pāk, Ḥabb-i-Mudīr, Majūn Dabīd al-Ward, and Itrīfal Shāhtra may further support the management of PCOS through their emmenagogue, uterine tonic, anti-inflammatory, and blood-purifying actions. The available evidence suggests that Unani medicine offers a holistic and individualized approach to the management of PCOS by addressing both its metabolic and reproductive dimensions. Further well-designed clinical studies are warranted to validate the efficacy and safety of these traditional interventions and to facilitate their integration into evidence-based healthcare practices. Keywords: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, PCOS, Unani Medicine, Amenorrhoea, Hirsutism, Insulin Resistance, Ilāj bi’l-Tadbīr, Ilāj bi’l-Ghidhā’, Pharmacotherapy
Copyright (c) 2026 Farheen Zehra , Sadique Ali , Faiqa Rather, Rayees Ahmad Mir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Advanced Osmotic Drug Delivery of Glipizide: Formulation Optimization and Release Kinetics of Controlled Porosity Tablets
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a long-term illness that needs sustained therapy to keep glycemic control intact. Glipizide is an effective second-generation sulfonylurea but has a short half-life, thus requiring prolonged dosing that compromises compliance in patients. Controlled-release drug delivery systems provide an answer by delivering constant drug levels over a long duration of time. Osmotic controlled-release tablets, specifically, facilitate drug delivery irrespective of gastrointestinal motility and pH, which makes them suitable for drugs such as Glipizide. Objective: Innovative drug delivery systems have advanced oral controlled-release systems, offering benefits over immediate-release forms by maintaining consistent drug concentration, reducing dosing frequency, and improving patient adherence. Methods: Tablet cores were prepared via wet granulation and coated with cellulose acetate and potassium chloride for semipermeable membranes. Pre-compression parameters of the granules indicated excellent flow properties, while post-compression parameters such as weight variation, hardness, friability, and drug content met the required standards. In-vitro dissolution studies revealed variable drug release profiles among different formulations, attributed to the choice and concentration of osmotic agents. The F-02 formulation, containing Mannitol and Fructose, demonstrated extended drug release over 12 hours. Results- in the Kinetic analysis of drug release indicated that most formulations followed zero-order kinetics, with an Anomalous non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. This suggests that the release of Glipizide from OCR tablets is not solely governed by Fickian diffusion but is also influenced by other mechanisms. Conclusion: The development of Glipizide OCR tablets offers a promising approach to improve drug delivery, reduce dosing frequency, and enhance patient compliance in treating diabetes. Keywords: Osmotic controlled-release (OCR), Glipizide, Oral drug delivery, Zero-order kinetics, Anomalous diffusion, Excipients
Copyright (c) 2026 Suresh Waghamare , Shaikh Nadera Tamkeen Saeeduzzafar , Tejas Ghuge , Dinesh Thore https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exosomes Next-Generation Approaches in Breast Cancer: Nano Drug Delivery to AI-Based Prediction
Exosome mimetic nanocarriers have risen as a progressive biomimetic approach for intracellular drug delivery, exploiting the unique properties of natural exosomes to enhance therapeutic precision and efficacy. These synthetic vesicles imitate the structural, biochemical, and functional characteristics of natural exosomes, including lipid bilayer composition, surface proteins, and molecular cargo, offering superior biocompatibility, immune evasion, and targeted delivery capabilities. Unlike traditional nanocarriers, exosome mimetics exploit receptor-mediated endocytosis and natural cellular communication pathways to facilitate efficient intracellular transport and controlled release of therapeutic payloads such as chemotherapeutic agents, nucleic acids(siRNA, miRNA, mRNA) and proteins. Engineering strategies combine advanced liposome technologies with exosomal components to overcome challenges of yield, scalability, and immunogenicity, enabling customizable and reproducible drug carriers. This chapter comprehensively reviews the design principles, fabrication methods, and functionalization techniques of exosome-mimetic nanocarriers, emphasizing their advantages in precision oncology. Mechanistic insights into cellular uptake, endosomal escape, and tumor targeting are comprehensive alongside preclinical studies demonstrating enhanced antitumor efficacy and safety profiles. Furthermore, the chapter discusses translational hurdles, including standardization, large-scale production, and regulatory considerations. Integration with emerging artificial intelligence tools and multiomics theranostics presents future opportunities for optimizing nanocarrier design, patient stratification, and treatment monitoring. Overall, exosome-mimetic nanocarriers represent a transformative strategy in nanomedicine, poised to revolutionize intracellular drug delivery and enable precision personalized therapy in breast cancer and beyond. Keywords: Exosome, breast cancer, exosome-biomimetic nanocarriers, intracellular drug delivery, cargo loading, targeted therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tapaskumar Mukeshkumar Shah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of Cefotaxime-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections, particularly those caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, have substantially compromised the therapeutic efficacy of cefotaxime, a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. The present study was aimed at formulating and evaluating cefotaxime-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles as a controlled-release antibacterial delivery system capable of overcoming the pharmacokinetic and resistance-related limitations of the conventional drug. Nanoparticles were prepared by the solvent evaporation/nanoprecipitation technique, and formulation variables – namely drug-to-polymer ratio, PLGA concentration, surfactant (polyvinyl alcohol, PVA) concentration, stirring speed, and sonication time – were systematically optimized using a one-factor-at-a-time approach. The optimized formulation (drug:polymer 1:5, PLGA 2.0% w/v, PVA 1.5% w/v, stirring speed 14,000 rpm, sonication time 6 min) yielded nanoparticles with a mean particle size of 165.3 ± 1.9 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.214 ± 0.02, and a zeta potential of −28.6 ± 1.4 mV. Drug loading and encapsulation efficiency were found to be 21.4 ± 0.3% and 93.8 ± 0.7%, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed the absence of significant drug–polymer interaction. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed smooth, spherical, well-dispersed nanoparticles. In vitro release studies demonstrated a biphasic pattern, with an initial burst release followed by sustained release of cefotaxime for up to 72 hours. Antibacterial evaluation by agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and time–kill assays revealed significantly enhanced and sustained activity of the nanoformulation against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae relative to free cefotaxime. The formulation remained physicochemically stable for 90 days under International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) long-term storage conditions and exhibited hemolysis below the 5% safety threshold, indicating excellent hemocompatibility. Collectively, these findings indicate that cefotaxime-loaded PLGA nanoparticles represent a promising, biocompatible, and scalable sustained-release platform with potential application in the treatment of MDR bacterial infections. Keywords: Cefotaxime; PLGA nanoparticles; Multidrug resistance; Controlled drug release; Encapsulation efficiency; Antibacterial activity; Nanomedicine
Copyright (c) 2026 Roshni Sahu , Pushpendra Kumar Khangar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Therapeutic Potential of Roghan-e-Haft Barg (A Polyherbal Unani Formulation) with Special Reference to Musculoskeletal Disorders
Background: Unani Medicine, an ancient medical system, focuses on both prevention and treatment of a variety of acute and chronic diseases. Its core therapeutic approaches include Ilāj bi’l Taghdhiya (diet therapy), Ilāj bi’l Tadbīr (regimenal therapy), Ilāj bi’l Dawā’ (pharmacotherapy), and Ilāj bi’l Yad (surgery). Within this framework, the term Waja‘ al-Mafāṣil broadly encompasses musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), including inflammatory, non-inflammatory, infectious, and metabolic conditions. Pain is the most prevalent and primary symptom associated with MSDs. Musculoskeletal (MSK) pain remains a complex and difficult issue for both patients and healthcare providers. Nearly everyone experiences MSK pain at some point in their life, regardless of age, gender, or socioeconomic background. Statistics show that around 47% of the global population suffers from MSK pain, with approximately 39% to 45% requiring consistent medical intervention. Objective: This review aims to comprehensively explore the phytopharmacology of the constituents of RHB and their pharmacological effects. Materials and Methods: PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct were used to collect data, which was then thoroughly evaluated. Results: When chronic MSK pain is inadequately treated, it can significantly impair quality of life and contribute to substantial socioeconomic burdens. Roghan-e-Haft Barg (RHB), a recognized Unani formulation, has shown promising analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties when used topically. Conclusion: Existing research suggests that the active components of RHB have significant pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a valuable therapeutic alternative for MSD management and improving patients' overall quality of life. Keywords: Roghan-e-Haft Barg, Waja‘ al-Mafāṣil, Musculoskeletal disorders, Musculoskeletal pain
Copyright (c) 2026 Rooshi Fareed , Shaziya Begum , Mohd Anwar , Fatima Khan , Sadaf Nawaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Brucellosis in Sedentary Livestock Farms of Hadjer-Lamis Province (Chad)
Brucellosis remains a major bacterial zoonosis affecting both livestock health and public health, causing severe economic losses in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis and identify the associated risk factors within sedentary livestock farms in Hadjer-Lamis Province, Chad. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out between May 2024 and September 2025. A total of 299 blood samples were randomly collected from cattle, sheep, goats, and dromedaries in various sedentary farms. The collected sera were systematically screened using the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) to detect antibodies against Brucella spp. The overall seroprevalence of the region was 6.69% (20/299). Among the tested animals, cattle exhibited the highest prevalence rate at 8.86%. Following multivariate logistic regression analysis adjustment, only the cattle species demonstrated a significant association with brucellosis seropositivity (aOR = 3.21; 95% CI : 1.07–9.62 ; p = 0.038). This field study confirms the active circulation of Brucella spp. in Hadjer-Lamis Province. The findings highlight an urgent public health need to introduce the Rose Bengal Test as a mandatory sanitary prerequisite before the commercialization of fresh raw milk or its processing into dairy products in sedentary livestock farms to mitigate human contamination risks. Keywords : Brucellosis, Sedentary livestock farming, Risk factors, Rose Bengal, Chad.
Copyright (c) 2026 Miambaye Djimet, Richard Bongo Nare Ngandolo, Mahamat Seid Abdelwahid, Rahila Loum Gazida, Zachee Belpena, Mbailaou Mbaiguinam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Curcuma longa Linn. (Turmeric): Phytopharmaceutical Approach from Traditional Knowledge to Conventional Medicine
The traditional Indian system of medicine uses turmeric, scientifically known as Curcuma longa Linn. (C. longa). It is a great example of how traditional knowledge about plants has been combined with modern scientific research on medicines. For a long time, turmeric has been used in systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani medicine. These systems have shown that turmeric has many health benefits, such as reducing inflammation, fighting free radicals, killing harmful bacteria, and even helping with cancer. The main phytoconstituent (active ingredient) in turmeric is curcumin, along with other compounds such as demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, and certain oils such as turmerones. These compounds work by targeting important processes in the body, such as inflammation and cell growth, through pathways like Activated B-Cells, Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB), Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), and Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/ Protein kinase-B (Akt). New technologies, like eco-friendly ways to extract curcumin, better ways to separate and standardize it, and advanced delivery methods like nanoparticles, have helped make curcumin more stable and easier for the body to use. Clinical studies have shown that turmeric can help with conditions like inflammation, metabolic issues, problems with the brain, and cancer. It is now used not just in traditional remedies but also in health foods, supplements, and conventional drugs. Looking ahead, there are opportunities to create new, better versions of curcumin, use Artificial intelligence (AI) to design medicines, and make herbal mixtures that meet international safety standards. Keywords: Curcumin, Nanotechnology, Bioavailability, Clinical validation, Nutraceuticals
Copyright (c) 2026 Md. Quamuddin , Anu Sharma, Pinki Gupta, Komal Bhati, Rajan Chauhan, Rohit Kumar, Saurabh Nimesh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Beilschmiedia obscura seeds powder: Potential functional food ingredient for glycemic control in Diabetes Mellitus
Beilschmiedia obscura seeds are used as dietary enhancers in some Cameroonian traditional dishes. They have preventive effects against metabolic disorders, but their potential effects in diabetes management have not yet been studied. This study therefore aims to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of Beilschmiedia obscura seed powder as a novel local therapeutic resource. Diabetes was induced in rats using streptozotocin, and the diabetic rats were treated with a diet supplemented with 10% B. obscura seed powder for 14 days. Fasting blood glucose were assessed weekly. Additionally, oral glucose, sucrose, or starch tolerance tests were conducted in normoglycemic rats. Finally, in vitro study to investigate glucose adsorption capacity, and glucose uptake in non-insulin-dependent cells (yeast) and insulin-dependent cells (skeletal muscle cells) was carried out. B. obscura seed powder significantly decrease glycemia of diabetic rats (81.71% of the initial value at 14th day). It significantly restored hepatic glycogen levels in diabetic rats. Additionally, B. obscura seeds powder significantly reduced glycemic peak (about 2-fold) compared to normal control following oral glucose, sucrose, and starch administration. In vitro, B. obscura seeds powder showed the ability to scavenge glucose (up to 48.27% at 10mg/mL) and to stimulate glucose uptake both into non-insulin-dependent cells (up to 25.45% at 10mg/mL) and insulin-dependent cells (up to 35.40% at 7.5mg/mL). These findings suggest that B. obscura seeds powder has multifaceted actions in modulating blood glucose, which position it as a promising plant-based intervention for glycemic control, especially in resource-limited settings where affordable natural therapies are critically needed. Keywords: B. obscura powder seeds, Diabetes, Post-prandial hyperglycemia, fasting hyperglycemia, glucose-lowering mechanisms
Copyright (c) 2026 Florine Mbappé Essouman , Ferdinand Lanvin Ebouel Edoun , Nyemb Nyunaï , Nadine Ndoe Essola , Sandra Leila Nnanga , Pauline Vervaine Hagbe , Fils Armand Ella , Nguemto Guy Roussel Takuissu , Inocent Gouado , Judith Laure Ngondi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Advances in Bilosomal Drug Delivery Systems: Formulation Approaches and In Vitro Characterization for CNS Targeting
In order to overcome the drawbacks of traditional dosage forms, sophisticated nano-vesicular drug delivery systems have been developed as a result of recent advancements in pharmaceutical sciences. Because of their improved stability, flexibility, and capacity to promote medication absorption across biological barriers, bilosomes have drawn a lot of attention. Comprising non-ionic surfactants or phospholipids, cholesterol, and bile salts, bilosomes are bile salt-stabilized vesicular carriers that offer protection against enzymatic degradation and challenging physiological circumstances. Bilosomes are appropriate for oral, transdermal, and central nervous system (CNS) medication administration because of these special qualities. With an emphasis on formulation techniques and in vitro characterisation criteria, this review offers a thorough and critical analysis of bilosomes. The impact of preparation methods and formulation ingredients on drug release behaviour, entrapment efficiency, surface charge, and vesicle size are emphasised. To shed light on bilosome performance, a variety of in vitro evaluation techniques are compiled, such as particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, morphological investigations, and cellular uptake evaluations. The dopamine agonist pramipexole, which is frequently used to treat Parkinson's disease, is described as a model medication to show how bilosomes can be employed in CNS therapy. Pramipexole has serious delivery concerns due to its short half-life, limited brain penetration, and dose-related side effects. These issues may be resolved by employing nano-vesicular devices. Overall, this review highlights the promise of bilosomes as effective drug carriers that can improve therapeutic results, increase bioavailability, and open up new avenues for CNS-targeted drug delivery. Keywords: Dosage form; bilosomes; drug delivery; formulation
Copyright (c) 2026 Ashmit , Sapna Rani , Rambabu Sharma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Direct-Injection ESI-MS/MS Method for Studying Fragmentation Pathways of Prospidium Chloride
Objective: Investigation of the ionization and fragmentation behavior of precursor ions enables improvement of qualitative analytical approaches for pharmaceutical substances without using chromatographic separation. Identification of diagnostic product ions additionally facilitates the development of quantitative mass‑spectrometric methods based on MRM/SRM transitions and expands libraries of diagnostic mass ions for the studied drugs. Materials and Methods: Mass spectra of precursor and product ions of prospidium chloride were obtained using a High‑Performance Liquid Chromatograph—Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer LCMS‑8050 equipped with electrospray ionization (ESI) and direct sample introduction (DIP). Results: Five precursor ions at m/z 187.2, 205.2, 373.3, 409.2 and 740.2 were detected and characterized. The most intense precursor ions at m/z 205.2 and 409.2 were selected for collision‑induced dissociation in the collision cell. MS/MS spectral analysis enabled elucidation of fragmentation pathways and the identification of a diagnostic product ion at m/z 164.4. Conclusion: The precursor ions reported here, described for the first time, can be used to broaden existing normative documentation for prospidium chloride by providing a non‑chromatographic method for authenticity testing. Elucidation of fragmentation mechanisms reveals diagnostic product ions that retain core structural elements of the prospidium chloride molecule and are suitable for development of quantitative mass‑spectrometric assays. Keywords: Prospidium chloride, DIP-ESI-MS/MS, fragmentation mechanism, development of analytical methods
Copyright (c) 2026 Antoniy Andreevich Kladiev, Samvel Serezhaevich Barsegyan , Valeriya Dmitrievna Akimova , Cesar Augusto Esparza Sandoval , Elena Valerievna Uspenskaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Multiparticulate Dual-Release Combination Tablets: A Promising Approach for Chronomodulated and Patient -Centric Drug Delivery
Multiparticulate dual-release combination tablets represent an advanced drug delivery platform designed to optimize therapeutic outcomes and enhance patient compliance by synchronizing drug release with the body’s circadian rhythms. These systems incorporate both immediate-release (IR) and controlled/modified-release (CR/MR) components within a single dosage form, ensuring a rapid onset of action followed by sustained drug release over an extended period. This dual functionality is particularly beneficial in managing chronic and time-dependent diseases such as hypertension, asthma, and arthritis, where symptom severity varies throughout the day. Typically, these formulations employ multiparticulate technologies such as pellets, granules, or mini-tablets, which are either filled into capsules or compressed into tablets. Such approaches provide several advantages, including uniform drug distribution, reduced risk of dose dumping, improved gastrointestinal transit, and flexible modulation of release profiles. Various formulation strategies—such as polymer coating, extrusion-spheronization, and compression coating—are used to achieve the desired release kinetics. Evaluation of these systems involves parameters like flow properties, hardness, friability, drug content, dissolution studies, and stability testing to ensure consistent performance and product quality. Importantly, multiparticulate dual-release systems offer patient-centric benefits, including reduced dosing frequency, minimized side effects, and improved adherence to therapy. With ongoing advancements in novel polymers and drug delivery technologies, these systems hold significant promise for chronotherapeutic applications and personalized medicine, paving the way for more effective and targeted treatment strategies . Keywords: Multiparticulate system, Dual release tablet, Immediate release, Sustained release, Diltiazem hydrochloride, Hydrochlorothiazide, Combination therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prerona Das , Jyoti Gupta , Rambabu Sharma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development And Validation of UV-Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Upadacitinib Bulk and in Tablet Dosage Form
Upadacitinib is a selective Janus kinase-1 (JAK1) inhibitor widely used in the treatment of autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, atopic dermatitis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease. Owing to its therapeutic significance, the development of a simple, accurate, and reliable analytical method for its quantitative estimation is essential for routine quality control. The present study was undertaken to develop and validate a UV-visible spectrophotometric method for the determination of Upadacitinib in bulk drug and tablet dosage form. Methanol was selected as the solvent for the preparation of standard and sample solutions. The absorption spectrum of Upadacitinib was recorded in the ultraviolet region, and the wavelength corresponding to maximum absorbance (λmax) was selected for quantitative analysis. The developed method obeyed Beer-Lambert's law over the concentration range of 2-12 μg/mL, exhibiting excellent linearity with a correlation coefficient (R²) greater than 0.999. The proposed analytical method was validated according to the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH Q2(R2)) guidelines with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, robustness, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ). The percentage recovery obtained from accuracy studies was within the acceptable range of 98-102%, while the percentage relative standard deviation (%RSD) for precision studies was found to be less than 2%, indicating good reproducibility and precision. The developed method was successfully applied to the assay of commercial tablet formulations without interference from formulation excipients. The results demonstrated that the proposed UV spectrophotometric method is simple, sensitive, rapid, economical, and suitable for the routine quantitative estimation and quality control analysis of Upadacitinib in bulk drug and pharmaceutical tablet dosage forms. Keywords: Upadacitinib, UV Spectrophotometry, Method Development, Method Validation, Tablet Dosage Form.
Copyright (c) 2026 C. Rajasekaran, V Gokulnath , K. Harini, M. JENITHA, K. Nisha , D. Siranjivi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pectin as a Value-Added Biopolymer from Fruit Processing Waste: Structural Features, Extraction Methods, and Health Applications
Interest in valuing fruit processing by-products as sources of high-value biopolymers has increased due to growing concerns about environmental sustainability and the production of food waste. Because of its structural diversity, wide range of functional applications, and abundance in fruit wastes, pectin has emerged as one of these promising value-added polysaccharides. Higher plants the central lamella and main cell wall are largely composed of pectin, a complex heteropolysaccharide high in galacturonic acid. The fruit juice and canning industries produce large amounts of wastes that are rich in pectin, especially from apple pomace and citrus peels, which provide a cost-effective and environmentally friendly substrate for pectin extraction. An extensive summary of pectin's structural characteristics, compositional domains, and impact on functional properties is given in this review. The yield, efficiency, and environmental impact of several traditional and cutting-edge extraction methods including enzymatic, acidic, microwave-assisted, and ultrasound-assisted methods are examined critically. The review also emphasises the health benefits of pectin, which are primarily mediated through altering gut microbiota and metabolic pathways. These benefits include antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-obesity, cardioprotective, immunomodulatory, and anticancer properties. Pectin's uses in industry, medicine, and nutraceuticals are also examined, with particular attention paid to its functions as a gelling agent, stabiliser, binder, controlled-release polymer, and prebiotic dietary fibre. Overall, this review highlights pectin's potential as a sustainable biopolymer made from fruit processing waste that can be used to develop functional foods, reduce waste, and improve drug delivery systems. Keywords: Pectin; Biopolymer; Nano drug delivery; Prebiotic; Sustainable extraction
Copyright (c) 2026 Harsh, Sakshi Tomer , Rambabu Sharma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Characterization of Quercetin–Silver Nitrate Complex Using FTIR Analysis
Quercetin, a flavonoid with potent antioxidant and therapeutic properties, faces limitations due to poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability. This study reports the formulation of a quercetin–silver nitrate complex via a simple solution complexation method using ethanol as solvent in a 1:1 molar ratio. Quercetin was dissolved in absolute ethanol, followed by dropwise addition of silver nitrate solution under stirring at 30–40°C for 3–4 hours, with light protection to prevent photodegradation. The mixture was aged for 12–24 hours, evaporated to dryness, and purified in a desiccator. FTIR characterization confirmed complex formation through shifts in key bands: phenolic O–H stretching (3200–3500 cm⁻¹) broadened due to hydrogen bonding and Ag⁺ coordination; C=O stretching (~1650 cm⁻¹) shifted, indicating carbonyl oxygen involvement; C–O stretches (1200–1300 cm⁻¹) altered, suggesting phenolic group participation; and new Ag–O vibrations (500–700 cm⁻¹) evidenced metal–ligand bonding, primarily via 3-OH/4-C=O chelation or catechol moiety. Keywords: Quercetin, Silver Nitrate Complex, FTIR Analysis, Colour Change, Complex Formation
Copyright (c) 2026 Vinay Kumar Yadav , Vikas Kumar , Amita Verma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Plumbago zeylanica Linn. (Sheetraj): A Comprehensive Review of Unani Perspectives, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Activities
Background: Plumbago zeylanica Linn. (Sheetraj/Chitrak) is an important medicinal plant of the family Plumbaginaceae and has been widely used in the Unani system of medicine for centuries. It is traditionally prescribed for various dermatological, gastrointestinal, inflammatory, and musculoskeletal disorders. Objective: To review the classical Unani literature and modern scientific evidence related to the pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and therapeutic applications of Plumbago zeylanica. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using classical Unani texts and electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. Relevant publications up to 2025 were reviewed and analyzed. Results: Unani literature describes Sheetraj as Garm wa Khushk (Hot and Dry) in the third degree with actions such as anti-inflammatory, digestive, expectorant, diuretic, and nervine stimulant. Phytochemical investigations have identified plumbagin as the principal active constituent along with coumarins, flavonoids, sterols, and other bioactive compounds. Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated antimicrobial, wound-healing, antiulcer, antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, antifertility, and anticancer activities, supporting many of its traditional uses. Conclusion: The available evidence validates several classical Unani claims regarding Sheetraj and highlights its significant therapeutic potential. Further clinical studies are required to establish its safety, efficacy, and standardization for evidence-based clinical applications. Keywords: Plumbago zeylanica, Sheetraj, Chitrak, Unani medicine, plumbagin, phytochemistry, pharmacology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Malik Kashif, Abdul salaam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Naringenin as a Promising Phytotherapeutic Scaffold Against MRSA: Molecular Docking and ADMET Profiling Study
Antimicrobial resistance has emerged globally, leading to the increased need to seek alternative therapeutic scaffolds to treat the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Naringenin, a flavanone compound of citrus fruit, has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, and thus is a potential phytotherapeutic agent. The aim of the study was to determine the potential of naringenin to interact with MRSA at the molecular level as well as have a pharmacokinetic profile through molecular docking and in silico ADMET analysis. The molecular docking of the MRSA target protein (PDB ID: 6O9S) to assess binding affinity and patterns of interaction was performed using UCSF Chimera. Clindamycin was taken as a standard. The profiles of ADMET were determined on ADMETlab 3.0 and ADMET-AI to evaluate the drug-likeness, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity parameters. Naringenin had a higher binding affinity (-7.5 kcal/mol) than clindamycin (-6.5 kcal/mol). Analyzing of interaction indicated optimization of hydrophobic interaction with key residues (PHE423, TRP426, TYR438, ILE533, GLY530) and stable hydrogen bonding especially with TRP426. The compound had a lower molecular flexibility which implied a lower entropic penalty when binding. The analysis of ADMET made it possible to verify adherence to the Rule of Five developed by Lipinski, high absorption in the intestine (0.95), good Caco-2 permeability, and minimal chances of hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. Nonetheless, the predictions borderline mutagenicity and genotoxicity suggest that more experiments are required. Naringenin has good binding stability and good pharmacokinetic properties in comparison to the normal antibiotic, which indicates a promising candidate of phytotherapeutic scaffold to develop anti-MRSA drugs. Keywords: Naringenin; Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA]; Molecular Docking; ADMET; Phytotherapeutic; Antimicrobial Resistance
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA]
Copyright (c) 2026 Vinay Kumar Yadav , Vikash Singh , Brij Raj Singh , Vikas Kumar , Amita Verma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Rua’af (Epistaxis) in Unani Medicine: Classical Insights and Therapeutic Approaches
Rua’af (epistaxis) refers to bleeding from the nasal cavity and is among the most common otorhinolaryngological emergencies encountered in clinical practice. Although most episodes are self-limiting, recurrent or severe epistaxis may indicate underlying local or systemic pathology requiring prompt medical intervention. In modern medicine, epistaxis is associated with trauma, infections, hypertension, vascular disorders, neoplasms, and systemic diseases. Unani medicine provides a comprehensive description of Rua’af under disorders of blood and vascular imbalance, attributing its pathogenesis primarily to excess blood (Imtila-i-Dam), increased heat of blood (Hararat-i-Dam), weakness of blood vessels (Za‘f al-Aw‘iya), and derangement of humours (Fasad al-Akhlat). Classical Unani scholars including Ibn Sina, Al-Razi, Jurjani, and Arzani extensively discussed the causes, classification, clinical manifestations, and management of Rua’af. The therapeutic approach in Unani medicine emphasizes correction of humoral imbalance through Ilaj bil Tadbeer (regimental therapy), Ilaj bil Ghidha (dietotherapy), and Ilaj bil Dawa (pharmacotherapy). Various cooling, haemostatic, and astringent formulations are recommended for controlling nasal bleeding and strengthening vascular integrity. Surgical intervention is considered only in resistant or life-threatening cases. The present review aims to elaborate the concept of Rua’af in Unani medicine and correlate it with contemporary understanding of epistaxis. The paper highlights classical etiological concepts, symptomatology, preventive measures, and therapeutic interventions described in Unani literature, thereby emphasizing the relevance of traditional approaches in the holistic management of epistaxis. Keywords: Rua’af, Epistaxis, Nose bleed, Hiddat-i-Dam, Imtila-i-Dam
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Nasir , Zehra Khatoon , Gazala Fatma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Toxicological assessment of the hydroethanolic extract of Sterculia setigera leaves', a neuroactive medicinal plant of Togolese flora
Background: Sterculia setigera is a plant used in traditional medicine for many purposes. We previously reported that its dry hydroethanolic leaf extract (SSE) protected cerebellar granule neurons and PC12 cells against H₂O₂, 6-OHDA, and serum deprivation-induced cell death, and mitigated ethanol neurotoxicity in the cerebellar cortex of neonatal Wistar rats while preserving motor coordination. This study aims to establish the toxicological profile of Sterculia setigera leaves' hydroethanolic extract, using appropriate in vitro and in vivo models. Methods : The brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality assay served as a cytotoxicity test (in vitro model). An acute oral toxicity test was conducted according to OECD TG 423 (2000 mg/kg). The repeated dose oral toxicity of 28 days was performed following the OECD TG 407 (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) on Wistar rats. Results: The 50% lethal concentration (LC50) was 1.84 mg/mL. Based on acute oral toxicity, the LD50 value of the extract was up to 2000 mg/kg of body weight. The 28-day repeated oral administration of Sterculia setigera leaves hydroethanolic extract did not provoke negative effects on rats, as they were safe based on body and organ weight, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological results. Conclusion : These results indicate that the dry hydroethanolic extract of S. setigera leaves did not provoke adverse effects that can lead to death or internal histological lesions in Wistar rats after 28-day oral administration. Keywords: Sterculia setigera; cytotoxicity; Artemia salina; toxicological profile
Copyright (c) 2026 Yendubé T. Kantati , Akomagni D.C. Donko , Komlan M. Dossou-Yovo , Essotolom Badjabaissi , Sabrina C.J. Sanvee , Aboudoulatif Diallo , Kossi Metowogo , Povi Lawson-Evi , Amegnona Agbonon , Magloire K. Kodjo , Aklesso Mouzou , Kwashie Eklu-Gadegbeku https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of Finasteride Loaded Nanoparticles Based Topical Gel for the Management of drogenetic Alopecia
The present study aimed to develop and evaluate Finasteride-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for topical delivery in the management of androgenetic alopecia. Finasteride, a 5α-reductase inhibitor, is widely used for treatment but is associated with systemic side effects when administered orally. To overcome this limitation, NLCs were prepared using Compritol 888 ATO and oleic acid by hot emulsification followed by ultrasonication technique. The optimized formulation exhibited a mean particle size of 248.2 nm and entrapment efficiency of 84.37%. The in vitro drug release study demonstrated a biphasic release pattern with sustained drug release up to 6 h. The optimized NLCs were further incorporated into Carbopol 940 gel for topical application. The gel showed satisfactory pH (6.8), spread ability, viscosity, and drug content (97.45%). The results suggest that Finasteride-loaded NLC gel may serve as a promising topical delivery system with improved localization, sustained release, and potential reduction in systemic side effects. Keywords: Finasteride; Androgenetic alopecia; Nanostructured lipid carriers; Topical gel; 5α-reductase inhibitor; Controlled release
Copyright (c) 2026 Atharv S. Jawanjal , Sandeep Atram https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Experimental Screening Approaches for Evaluating Muqawwi and Muharrik-i-A‘sab (Nervine Tonic and Stimulant) Drugs in Unani Medicine: A Translational Perspective
Objective (s): To establish a translational experimental framework for the scientific screening of Unani drugs described as Muqawwi-i-A'sab (nervine tonic) and Muharrik-i-A'sab (nervine stimulant) by identifying validated in vivo neuropharmacological models corresponding to the Unani concepts of nerve weakness and neuromuscular dysfunction. Data Sources: Classical Unani literature and contemporary scientific publications were systematically reviewed. Electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched to identify studies describing experimental neuropharmacological models relevant to nerve weakness, neuromuscular dysfunction, peripheral nerve injury, neuropathy, and neurodegeneration. Study Selection: Validated in vivo models assessing muscle strength, motor coordination, neuromuscular function, peripheral nerve injury, and neuropathic disorders were included. Selected models comprised the grip strength test, rotarod test, wire hang test, sciatic nerve crush injury model, diabetic neuropathy models, chronic constriction injury, and spared nerve injury model. Summary of the Contents of the Article: The reviewed models closely reflect the clinical manifestations of nerve weakness described in Unani medicine. Neuromuscular performance tests objectively assess muscle strength, endurance, balance, and motor coordination, while peripheral nerve injury and neuropathy models facilitate evaluation of neuroprotective, regenerative, and functional recovery effects. Together, these experimental drug screening approaches provide a scientifically robust framework for investigating the pharmacological activities of Muqawwi-i-A'sab and Muharrik-i-A'sab drugs and support their translational evaluation. Conclusion: Validated experimental neuropharmacological models offer suitable translational tools for the scientific evaluation of Muqawwi-i-A'sab and Muharrik-i-A'sab drugs. Integrating these models with traditional Unani concepts can strengthen evidence-based validation of these medicines and advance pharmacological and translational research targeting neuromuscular disorders. Keywords: Unani System of Medicine; Muqawwi-i-A‘sab; Nervine tonic; Muharrik-i-A‘sab; Nervine stimulant; Screening approaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sayma Anjum, Najeeb Jahan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Phytochemical Characterization and β-Sitosterol-Based HPTLC Fingerprinting of the Methanolic Leaf Extract of Mimusops elengi L.
Introduction: Mimusops elengi L. is one of the important plants that have been employed traditionally as a source of herbal medicines for treating inflammation, infections, wounds, and gastrointestinal disorders. Scientific standardization is crucial for the proper identification of herbal drugs. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the Pharmacognostic standards, physicochemical properties and quantitative estimation of major phytoconstituents along with chromatographic fingerprinting using β-sitosterol of Mimusops elengi L. leaves. Materials and Methods: Fresh leaves were collected, authenticated, shade dried, powdered and macerated in methanol. Pharmacognostic studies, Physicochemical parameters such as loss on drying, ash value, extraction value, and pH were determined by standard methods. Phytochemical analysis was done qualitatively and quantitatively by spectrophotometry. HPTLC profiling was done with toluene: ethyl acetate (6:4, v/v) as mobile phase and β-sitosterol as reference standard at 254 and 366 nm. Results: Macroscopic and microscopic characters helped in the identification of the leaves. The physicochemical analysis was carried out, and results were satisfactory for the quality with loss on drying (7.12 ± 0.18 %), total ash (8.34 ± 0.15 %), acid-insoluble ash (1.21 ± 0.08 %), water soluble extractive (18.45 ± 0.39 %), alcohol soluble extractive (22.78 ± 0.42 %), and pH (6.42 ± 0.03). The extract had high concentrations of phenolics (169.18 ± 0.98 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (58.43 ± 1.87 mg QE/g), tannins (50.31 ± 1.54 mg TAE/g), saponins (42.53 ± 1.26 mg DE/g), and alkaloids (34.76 ± 1.08 mg AE/g). HPTLC fingerprinting yielded unique bands, confirming Conclusion: The findings establish reliable quality control and future phytopharmaceutical development. Keywords: Mimusops elengi; pharmacognostic evaluation; physicochemical analysis; HPTLC fingerprinting; β-sitosterol; phenolic content; herbal standardization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Satish Shamrao Meshram , Anil Babarao Badnale, Mandar Mahendra Muley, Ashwini Sahebrao Ghagare, Satyendra Kuldeep Prasad, Prakash Rambhau Itankar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The role of abnormal phlegm (Ghair Tabayi Balgham) in Human Diseases: A Review
The Unani system of medicine recognizes phlegm as one of the four fundamental humors responsible for preserving physiological homeostasis and maintaining tissue nourishment, lubrication, and moisture. Under normal conditions, Normal Phlegm serves as a reserve source of nutrition and supports normal metabolic functions. However, qualitative or quantitative alterations lead to the formation of abnormal phlegm, which classical Unani physicians regarded as a major etiological factor in the development of numerous acute and chronic diseases. Classical scholars, including Hippocrates, Galen, Al-Razi, Ibn Sina, Ismail Jurjani, and Akbar Arzani, described distinct forms of abnormal phlegm and their involvement in disorders affecting the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, nervous, and endocrine systems. Emerging biomedical evidence demonstrates remarkable similarities between the Unani concept of abnormal phlegm and pathological processes characterized by metabolic dysfunction, insulin resistance, chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, and hormonal imbalance. These interconnected mechanisms are increasingly recognized as central contributors to obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory disorders, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and several neurodegenerative conditions. Integrating classical Unani concepts with contemporary biomedical knowledge provides a comprehensive framework for understanding disease pathogenesis and supports the development of holistic preventive and therapeutic approaches. This review critically evaluates the classical descriptions, classification, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and multisystem involvement of Ghair Tabayi Balgham while highlighting recent biomedical evidence and future research priorities. Such an integrative perspective may strengthen evidence-based Unani medicine, facilitate interdisciplinary research, and promote the scientific validation of traditional concepts in modern healthcare Keywords: Balgham, Ghair Tabayi Balgham, Unani Medicine, Humoral Theory, Akhlat, Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Hypothyroidism, Diabetes Mellitus, Metabolic Syndrome, Inflammation
Copyright (c) 2026 Imran Azam , Sajid Kabir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The effect of Coffee on some cardiovascular parameters in hypertensive and normotensive patients at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital, (COOUTH), Awka, Nigeria
Background: Studies have reported some health benefits of coffee consumption however it has been documented that coffee is associated with acute elevation of blood pressure and perhaps leading to chronic hypertension and poor control. ‎Aim: This study aims to determine the acute effects of coffee on some cardiovascular parameters in hypertensive and normotensive patients at a tertiary health institution in South -East region of Nigeria. ‎Method: 500 adul t volunteers who met the inclusion criteria consisting of 250 hypertensive patients and 250 normotensive individuals participated in the study. 2grams of coffee granules were dissolved in 200ml of hot water and served to study participants. Basal values of blood pressure, Pulse rate and finger oxygen saturation (SPo2) were obtained before consumption. These parameters were then measured at 15mins post consumption and at every 30mins intervals for 5hours. Data was analysed using SPSS version 29. Mean, Standard deviation (SD), Standard error of the mean (SEM) and P-values were calculated. ‎Results: The hypertensive group consisted of 135 females and 115 males with a mean age of 57.72±11.55 while the normotensives consisted of 112 femal es and 138 males with a mean age of 50.10±11.90. From 30mins to the first 2 hours post consumption there was a significant elevation of systolic blood pressure (P≤0.001) as well as the diastolic pressure (P≤0.001) in both hypertensive and normotensive group. At 4 hours post consumption, the blood pressures of both study groups have returned to the baseline values. The pulse rate of both groups started rising about 15 minutes post coffee intake. The pulse rate of both groups started dropping 2 hours post coffee administration. At 3 hours, pulse rates of both study groups had returned to their basal levels. The oxygen saturation (SpO2) in both groups did not vary from baseline till end of the study. Conclusion: Coffee caused transient elevation of blood pressure and increased heart rate from baseline in both hypertensive patients and normotensives. This observation may necessitate review of recommendation physicians give to hypertensive patients to modify the rate of consumption of coffee to achieve a better control of blood pressure
Copyright (c) 2026 CCA Azikiwe , Chukwuma Chijioke , BU Ogbonna, Chibundo Uchenna Nwaneli , FC Chukwuka , JO Egbunike https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative study of drug release behaviour of Diltiazem Hydrochloride using Guar gum and HPMC as a polymer
The present study aimed to formulate and evaluate of Diltiazem Hydrochloride using guar gum and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as release-retarding polymers for controlled drug delivery. The pellets were prepared by a layering technique, where guar gum was applied onto drug-loaded pellets using a suitable binder, followed by coating with HPMC in selected formulations. Preformulation studies, including drug–excipient compatibility using FTIR spectroscopy, confirmed the absence of any significant interaction, indicating the stability of the drug within the formulation. Dissolution studies were carried out using USP Type II apparatus in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) for a period of 8 hours. The results demonstrated that drug release was significantly influenced by the type and concentration of polymer used. Formulations containing guar gum exhibited relatively faster drug release due to rapid swelling and erosion, whereas HPMC-coated pellets showed a more controlled and sustained release profile owing to the formation of a strong gel barrier. Increasing polymer concentration multiparticulate pellets in both cases resulted in a decrease in drug release rate. Among all formulations, the 1:1 drug-to-polymer ratio exhibited a uniform and desirable release pattern. Comparative evaluation indicated that HPMC was more effective than guar gum in sustaining drug release. Overall, the study concludes that multiparticulate systems using appropriate polymer combinations can successfully modulate drug release and improve therapeutic efficacy. Keywords: multiparticulate pellets, Diltiazem Hydrochloride, HPMC, Guargum, dissolution
In Vitro Pharmacological Evaluation of Prunetine for the Management of Cataract
Cataracts, characterized by lens opacity and vision impairment, remain a leading cause of blindness globally. Oxidative stress plays a major role in cataractogenesis, with antioxidants offering therapeutic potential. This study investigates the anti-cataract efficacy of prunetine in a glucose-induced in vitro cataract model using goat lenses. Various concentrations of Prunetine were evaluated against standard treatment (ascorbic acid), with assessments on lens opacity, enzymatic antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation, and protein content. The findings suggest Prunetine significantly inhibits cataract formation, restores biochemical parameters, and may delay cataract progression. Lenses exposed to high glucose showed significant opacification, decreased antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GSH), elevated MDA levels, and abnormal protein aggregation. Treatment with Prunetine significantly reduced opacity and restored antioxidant enzymatic activity. The 100 µg/ml dose of Prunetine was most effective, restoring lens biochemistry near or above normal levels and preventing protein aggregation more efficiently than ascorbic acid. Prunetine demonstrated potent anti-cataract effects by mitigating oxidative damage and preserving lens protein integrity. The findings underscore its potential as a non-surgical pharmacologic intervention for cataract prevention, warranting further in vivo and clinical evaluation. Keywords - Oxidative stress, Cataractogenesis, lipid peroxidation, Cataracts, antioxidant
Copyright (c) 2026 Jaya Shree , Bhumika Chandrakar , Swarnali Das Paul , Nivedita Gautam , Rajesh Chaudhary https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0