Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics
Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics (JDDT) is a double-blind peer-reviewed International Journal dedicated to the publication of research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, Short communications and case studies. This publication is aimed at a broad, interdisciplinary audience of academic and industrial researchers actively engaged in basic and applied laboratory practice, related to Pharmaceutical Science and Therapeutics.
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Formulation and Swelling Evaluation of Starch–Glycerol-Based Biopolymer Films for Potential Wound Dressing Applications
This study investigates the structural behavior and swelling performance of biopolymer films formulated from starch, glycerol, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and polymeric β-cyclodextrin (PCD) for potential wound dressing applications. Binary starch–CMC and starch–PCD systems exhibited poor rheological properties, forming highly pasty mixtures in the absence of glycerol. Conversely, glycerol–CMC and glycerol–PCD systems remained excessively fluid, confirming the essential structural role of starch in film formation. Ternary starch–glycerol–CMC formulations enabled the production of stable and functional films, particularly 10A/6G/4CMC and 12A/4G/4CMC, which demonstrated substantial swelling capacities of 140% and 164% at 60 minutes, respectively. Swelling kinetics revealed a rapid initial water uptake within the first 60 minutes, followed by a slower approach toward equilibrium. The ability to incorporate CMC without compromising film integrity was strongly dependent on starch proportion, with instability observed when starch content fell below 10 parts. The introduction of PCD into optimized formulations (10A/6G/1CMC/3PCD and 12A/4G/1CMC/3PCD) resulted in moderate swelling capacities (123% and 136% at 60 minutes), lower than those observed for the corresponding binary and ternary systems. These findings suggest that PCD contributes primarily through its inclusion-complex forming capability rather than by enhancing swelling behavior. Overall, the results highlight the critical importance of the starch–glycerol ratio in achieving structurally stable films and confirm the reinforcing role of CMC, while identifying PCD as a promising component for future development of active wound dressings with controlled drug delivery potential. Keywords: Wound dressings, Starch-based biopolymers, Glycerol, Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), β‑Cyclodextrin (PCD).
Copyright (c) 2026 Moussa Diop, Mor Fall, Saliou Khouma , Djiby Faye , Magatte Cissé , Marie Jeanne Arlette Ciss, Sidy Mouhamed Dieng , Youssou Ndao , Louis Augustin D Diouf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Antibacterial Evaluation of a Glycerin Soap Incorporated with Cymbopogon citratus Essential Oil
oap remains one of the most widely used hygiene products for reducing microbial contamination of the skin. In recent years, interest has increased in the development of natural antimicrobial agents as alternatives to synthetic antiseptics. The present study aimed to formulate a glycerin-based soap incorporating Cymbopogon citratus essential oil and to evaluate its physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity. Different soap formulations were prepared using coconut oil, sodium hydroxide, glycerin, ethanol, sugar and distilled water. Increasing concentrations of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil (0.5–2.5%) were incorporated to obtain formulations S1–S5, while S0 served as the reference formulation without essential oil. The physicochemical properties of the soaps were evaluated by determining pH and foaming capacity. Antibacterial activity was assessed using an experimental contamination model involving sterile gloves inoculated with Escherichia coli, followed by washing and microbiological analysis. The results showed that the formulated soaps exhibited pH values ranging from 9.0 to 12.1. Foaming tests demonstrated satisfactory foaming ability, with the highest foam height observed for formulation S2. Antibacterial evaluation revealed that formulations containing higher concentrations of essential oil (S4 and S5) showed complete inhibition of bacterial growth after washing, comparable to commercial antiseptic soaps. These findings suggest that incorporation of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil into glycerin-based soap may represent a promising approach for developing natural antibacterial cleansing products. Further studies involving additional microorganisms and dermatological tolerance evaluations are recommended. Keywords : Soap formulation; Glycerin soap; Cymbopogon citratus; Essential oil; Antibacterial activity; Natural antiseptic
Copyright (c) 2026 Moussa Diop , Amadou Diop , Saliou Khouma, Mor Fall , Djiby Faye , Magatte Cissé , Marie Jeanne Arlette Ciss , Sidy Mouhamed Dieng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Role of Tiladi Modak in Enhancing Paediatric Nutrition: An Analytical Study
Background: Ayurveda’s paediatric branch (Kaumarbhritya) prescribes several modified food formulations (Modak) for child nutrition and therapy. Tiladi Modak, prepared predominantly with sesame (Til), jaggery and ghee, is traditionally administered to promote strength, weight gain and tissue nourishment [1,2]. Despite its continued clinical use, no scientific data exist on its nutritional composition. Objectives: To perform the first comprehensive physicochemical analysis of laboratory‑prepared Tiladi Modak, including macronutrients, energy value, sodium content and complete fatty acid profile (saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and trans fatty acids). Methods: A 130.00 g sample of Tiladi Modak prepared according to classical Ayurvedic formulary was analysed at Cultivator Phyto Lab Private Limited, Jodhpur (ISO/IEC 17025 accredited). Carbohydrates were estimated by IS 1656:2022, protein by IS 7219:1973, fatty oil by API Part II Vol IV:2017, energy value by calculation (CPL/STP/C/83), sodium by CPL/STP/C/16 (ICP‑OES), and fatty acid methyl esters by AOAC 996.06 22nd Edition:2023. Analyses were conducted between 10–13 December 2025. Results: Tiladi Modak contained 53.57 g/100g carbohydrates, 13.31 g/100g protein and 26.49 g/100g fat (dry basis), providing 492.88 Kcal/100g energy. Sodium measured 309.697 mg/kg. Fatty acid profiling revealed saturated fatty acids 11.97%, monounsaturated fatty acids 8.48%, polyunsaturated fatty acids 4.66% and trans fatty acids 0.040%. Conclusion: Tiladi Modak emerges as a high‑energy, protein‑rich, lipid‑dense traditional formulation with an exceptionally favourable fatty acid signature—low in trans fats and enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from sesame. This study provides the first validated nutritional benchmarks for Tiladi Modak, substantiating its traditional use and enabling evidence‑guided application in contemporary paediatric care. Keywords: Tiladi Modak; Ayurvedic paediatrics; Kaumarbhritya; nutritional analysis; sesame; fatty acid profile; protein content; traditional food formulation
Copyright (c) 2026 Sangeeta Kumari , Harish Kumar Singhal , Manisha Goyal , Ashok Kumar Yadav https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comprehensive Preclinical Evaluation of the VLP Vaccine “Gam-VLP-rota” Following Single-Dose Administration: Hematology, Biochemistry, and Histopathology in Sprague–Dawley Rats (Part II)
Background. Rotavirus infection remains a major cause of severe gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines are considered a promising non-replicating alternative to live vaccines due to their favorable safety profile. Objective. To evaluate the acute toxicity of the VLP-based vaccine “Gam-VLP-rota” following single intramuscular administration in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. Materials and Methods. Male and female SD rats were allocated into four experimental groups (vehicle control; 30, 120, and 600 µg antigen per animal; n = 14 per sex per group). The vaccine was administered once into the quadriceps femoris muscle (0.2 mL per animal). Animals were euthanized either 24 h after administration (Day 2) or after a 14-day recovery period (Day 15). Clinical condition, body weight, and food consumption were monitored. Hemostasis parameters, hematology, serum biochemistry, bone marrow cellular composition, organ weights, necropsy findings, histopathology, and local tolerability were evaluated. Results. No mortality or severe clinical manifestations were observed. On Day 2, transient intergroup differences in body weight gain and moderate reduction in food intake were detected in animals receiving the highest antigen dose (600 µg). These parameters normalized by Days 7–15. Reversible changes in hemostasis were recorded, including prolonged prothrombin time and elevated fibrinogen levels. Hematological analysis on Day 2 demonstrated dose-dependent neutrophilia accompanied by relative lymphopenia with absolute lymphocytosis; hematological and myelogram parameters returned to baseline by Day 15. In serum biochemistry, animals receiving 600 µg antigen showed increased total protein and globulin levels in both sexes, along with decreased ALT and alkaline phosphatase activity in males; these differences resolved by Day 15. No pathological alterations were detected macroscopically or microscopically in examined organs. Reactive enlargement of inguinal lymph nodes without signs of inflammation was observed. No local irritative effects were identified. Conclusion. Single intramuscular administration of the VLP-based vaccine “Gam-VLP-rota” at a dose of 600 µg antigen per animal (approximately 20× the anticipated clinical dose) demonstrated a favorable safety profile in an acute toxicity model. Keywords: rotavirus; virus-like particles; preclinical toxicology; hematology; serum biochemistry; histopathology; Sprague–Dawley rats; vaccine safety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oleg V. Ledenev , Ludmila V. Kostina , Olesya V. Eliseeva , Oleg E. Latyshev , Maria M. Silaenkova, Igor A. Dyachenko , Gulsara A. Slashcheva , Elvira R. Shaykhutdinova , Ekaterina N. Kazakova , Elena S. Sadovnikova , Olga I. Patsap , Arkady N. Murashev , Tatiana V. Grebennikova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development and In Vitro Evaluation of Gastroretentive Floating Matrix Tablets of Hydralazine
The purpose of the present study was to develop an optimized gastric floating drug delivery system (GFDDS) containing Hydralazine as a model drug by using various proportions of polymers such as Sodium CMC, Carbopol p934 and HPMC K4M. This was employed to enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of the drug. The sustained release formulations of Hydralazine using hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymers were prepared by direct compression method. Optimization of formulation was done by studying effect of drug to polymer ratio on drug release. FT-IR studies indicated absence of any interaction between Hydralazine, polymer (Sodium CMC, Carbopol P 934 and HPMC K4M) and excipients. Nine formulations were prepared and formulation F2 possessed good floating property with total floating time between 8-12 hours. The tablets were also evaluated for its hardness, friability, and in-vitro evaluation test. All parameters complied with IP limits. Results of this study indicated that the combinations of hydrophilic polymers with hydrophobic polymers are suitable to optimize sustained release formulation of Hydralazine. Keywords: Hydralazine, Sodium CMC, Carbopol P934 and HPMC K4M, Floating Tablets
Copyright (c) 2026 Munija Pancheddula, U. Srilatha, Nemuri Mounika, Srujana Raparti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Potentiation of antimalarial activity in Artemisia annua cultivated in the presence of fodder peanuts and beneficial microorganisms
Production of Artemisia annua chemical active ingredients remains too expensive and unprofitable. Its antimalarial active molecules vary a lot with environmental diversity and are low concentrated in the plant. Research into ways of optimizing their content, extraction and concentration is a current challenge. In this study, we tried to promote an inexpensive and more profitable cultivation procedure to improve Artemisia antimalarial biomass and therapeutic molecules. Seeds of A. annua were grown on a non-sterilized soil substrate using non-randomized bloc design. Impact of Arachis pintoï (Ara), special organic matter (MOS), Biochar (Bio), mycorrhizal fungi (CMA) and endophyte bacteria (End) on the parameters of biomass yield in A. annua was evaluated as well as contents of some phytochemical active biomolecules, antioxidant capacity and in vitro PfLDH-based antiplasmodial activity of A. annua. Increased biomass yield in A. annua was higher with Arachis pintoï (Ara) combined to special organic matter. Artemisia annua in “Ara+CMA+End” system was more efficient compare to Artemisia annua without biofertilizer. We had respectively, 86.88±3.38 and 65.77±3.08 mgEqAG/ g of DM for plyphonols; 79.18±5.84 and 67.82±4.38 mgEqAA/ g of DM for antioxidant capacity; regarding antiplasmodial activity we had for 50% Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) in µg/mL: 31±2.05 and 60.68± 13.07 for PfDd2 (multidrug-resistant); 34.14 ± 2.71 and 47.69 ± 6.34 for Pf3D7 (sensitive). Integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) involving a forage legume and microbial fertilizers may be the best option to provide the highest bioactive molecules content and diversity. ISFM improve Artemisia annua biomass production for better active therapeutic ingredients. Keywords: Microbial biofertilizers, Arachis pintoï, malaria active biomolecules, Artemisia annua
Copyright (c) 2026 Ferdinand Kouoh Elombo , JJ Alladoum Kadounia , M Mbiandjeu Tchoumke , J O Kuamou Nzoutap , D Nwaga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analyzing FOXO3A gene as a marker in adults with hypertension
Hypertension remains a global health problem. It caused high morbidity and death. It occurs in people in low- and middle-income countries which aged 30 to 80 years old. Symptoms are often asymptomatic; it became unaware until reached an advanced stage. Vascular aging is suspected to be one of the causes of high blood pressure. Modification layers of blood vessels such as thick, stiff, and inelastic, are caused by oxidative stress. This development is influenced by the FOXO3A gene. FOXO3A plays a role in slowing aging which is a transcription factor that plays a role in signal modulation, cell death, oxidation-reduction reactions, cell metabolism and DNA damage. Previous research on FOXO3A gene expression in people over 70 years of age found significantly lower levels compared to those aged 50-60 years. Because of the limited knowledge regarding FOXO3A gene expression in hypertension, this study aims to analyzed FOXO3A gene expression in the elderly. Sixty subjects were divided into hypertension and normotension based on JNC 8 criteria. Quantitative Real Time PCR was used to calculate FOXO3A expression. The Livak formula was used to measure elative expression. FOXO3A relative expression was 7.95 fold lower in hypertension than normotension. FOXO3A expression was reduced in hypertension. Further research at the protein level is needed to confirm these findings. Keywords: hypertension, expression, mRNA, FOXO3A
Copyright (c) 2026 Yohana Yohana , Meiyanti Meiyanti , Deasyka Yastani , Zakiaturahhmi Zakiaturahhmi , Suweino Tjhia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
2D QSAR of Novel hybrid motifs of 4-nitroimidazole-piperazinyl tagged 1,2,3-triazoles for Anti-cancer Activity against Breast Cancer cell line MCF-7
Objective: To develop and validate a two‑dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (2D‑QSAR) model for novel 4‑nitroimidazole‑piperazinyl tagged 1,2,3‑triazole derivatives and to identify key physicochemical descriptors governing their anticancer activity against the human breast cancer cell line MCF‑7.​ Results and Discussion: Several statistically acceptable QSAR models were obtained; among them, Model 1, incorporating Molar Refractivity, partition coefficient, Henry’s law constant, mass, and molecular weight, showed the most favorable balance of correlation and error (r ≈ 0.45, r² ≈ 0.20, standard deviation ≈ 0.50) with a single outlier. Descriptor analysis indicated that Molar Refractivity is positively correlated with MCF‑7 inhibitory activity, suggesting that bulkier or more polarizable substituents enhance cytotoxic potency, while the partition coefficient term supports a beneficial role of less polar, more lipophilic groups. The results demonstrate that the thermodynamic and electronic nature of substituents strongly influences activity and that even a moderate‑fit 2D‑QSAR model can serve as a useful predictive tool for prioritizing new analogues.​ Conclusion: The 2D‑QSAR study established that MCF‑7 cell inhibitory activity of 4‑nitroimidazole‑piperazinyl tagged 1,2,3‑triazole derivatives is primarily governed by Molar Refractivity, lipophilicity‑related parameters, and other thermodynamic–electronic descriptors of the substituents. The optimized Model 1 provides a rational basis for designing new hybrids with higher molecular refractivity and appropriately tuned hydrophobic and electronic profiles to achieve improved anticancer potency, and the proposed QSAR framework can be applied to further scaffold optimization against breast cancer targets.​ Keywords: Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR), Anti-Cancer,imidazole, ChemDraw, MCF-7 Cell.
Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR)
Copyright (c) 2026 Pranay Raikwar , Arun Kumar Rai , Shabnam Yadav , Nitin Singh Rajput , Shivraj Pandey , Megha Mishra , Pradeep Kumar Singour https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development and Evaluation of Repaglinide Solid Dispersion Tablets using Natural Superdisintegrants
The present study was undertaken to enhance the dissolution characteristics of Repaglinide, a poorly water-soluble antidiabetic drug, by employing the solid dispersion technique combined with natural superdisintegrants. The λmax of Repaglinide in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 was found to be 243 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was carried out for the pure drug and optimized formulations, confirming the absence of any significant drug–excipient interactions. Solid dispersions were prepared using PEG 4000 as a hydrophilic carrier and further formulated into tablets incorporating natural superdisintegrants such as Ocimum mucilage and Gellan gum. Pre-compression evaluation of the solid dispersion blends indicated good to fair flow properties, with angle of repose below 26.20°, Carr’s index ranging from 11.08 to 18.40, and Hausner’s ratio less than 1.22. Post-compression evaluation revealed that all tablet formulations complied with pharmacopeial limits for weight variation, hardness, friability, thickness, and drug content uniformity. In vitro dissolution studies conducted in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 demonstrated a significant enhancement in drug release from the solid dispersion tablets when compared among formulations. Among all batches, formulation F6 exhibited rapid disintegration and the highest drug release of 99.16% within 45 minutes. The study concludes that the combined approach of solid dispersion and natural superdisintegrants effectively improves the dissolution performance of Repaglinide tablets. Natural superdisintegrants such as Ocimum mucilage and Gellan gum may serve as promising, economical, and biocompatible alternatives to synthetic disintegrants in solid oral dosage forms. Keywords: Repaglinide, Solid dispersion tablets, Natural superdisintegrants, In vitro dissolution, Dissolution enhancement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saritha Damineni , Mohammed Altaf, Anupama Koneru https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Comparative Evaluation of Sustained Release Matrix Tablet with a Marketed Diclofenac Gel
In this study, we used natural polymers (Ocimum Sanctum Linn and Acacia powders) in various formulations to create sustained release matrix tablets of Nimesulide. (F1 to F4). The pre-compression characteristics of bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, compressibility (Carr's index), and Hausner's ratio were assessed for the tablets made using the wet granulation process. Additionally, post-compression parameters such as weight fluctuation, drug content, hardness, thickness, and friability tests were evaluated for the produced tablets. Different formulations demonstrated sustained release of Nimesulide over a ten-hour period, according to in vitro release experiments. Following that, we conducted a permeation investigation of commercially available Diclofenac gel using Franz diffusion cells, and we came to the conclusion that tablet formulations continue to be the best option for producing steady, systemic, and long-lasting therapeutic effects in arthritis. For all-encompassing, long-term arthritis management, tablets continue to be the preferred and more effective primary dosage form. This indicates the potential application of natural polymers in sustained drug delivery systems, improved patient compliance, reduced dose frequency, and repeatable drug release characteristics. Keywords: Nimesulide, Ocimum Sanctum Linn powder, Acacia powder, sustained release matrix tablets, Diclofenac gel
Copyright (c) 2026 Madhur Yadav; Swati Mittal; Siddharth Vardhan Singh , Babita Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Genotypic Diversity and Multidrug Resistance Profiles of AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Abakaliki, Nigeria
Background: This study investigated the genotypic diversity and multidrug resistance profiles of plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical samples at AE-FUTHA, Nigeria. Methods: A total of 200 clinical samples (140 urine and 60 wound swabs) were collected from patients at AE-FUTHA. Phenotypic detection of AmpC β-lactamases was performed using the cefoxitin-cloxacillin double-disk synergy test (CC-DDST). All phenotypically confirmed AmpC-producing isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against 10 antibiotics from seven classes. Multiplex PCR was used to detect six pAmpC gene families (blaFOX, blaEBC, blaDHA, blaCIT, blaACC, and blaMOX) in all phenotypic AmpC producers. Results: A total of 72 bacterial isolates comprising 51 (70.8%) E. coli and 21 (29.2%) K. pneumoniae were recovered. Phenotypic AmpC production was detected in 67 (93.1%) isolates, with a significantly higher prevalence in K. pneumoniae (100%) compared to E. coli (90.2%) (p=0.04). All 67 AmpC-producing isolates (100%) exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) with MAR indices ranging from 0.3-0.7. High-level resistance was observed to β-lactams: and the β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination (100%). Resistance to the monobactam aztreonam was 95.5%, while the folate pathway inhibitor trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole showed 98.5% resistance. The carbapenem imipenem remained highly effective (97.0% susceptibility), followed by the aminoglycoside amikacin (89.6%) and the fluoroquinolone ofloxacin (82.1%). The blaFOX gene was present in 100% of E. coli but only 52.4% of K. pneumoniae isolates (p<0.001). Co-carriage of all six pAmpC gene families was observed in 52.4% of K. pneumoniae and 100% of E. coli isolates. Significant associations were found between sample source and blaFOX carriage in K. pneumoniae (p=0.002). Conclusion: This study reveals a remarkably high prevalence of genotypically diverse pAmpC genes with alarming MDR profiles among clinical E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates in Abakaliki, Nigeria. The universal co-carriage of five pAmpC gene families and species-specific distribution of blaFOX highlight the complex molecular epidemiology of resistance in this setting. The sustained efficacy of carbapenems, amikacin, and ofloxacin provides therapeutic options, but urgent antimicrobial stewardship and infection control measures are required to prevent further spread of these resistance determinants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Henrietta Uzoeto , Ismaila Danjuma Mohammed , Ugonna Cassandra Aniokete , Ikemesit Udeme Peter https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mizaj Metric: A Deep Learning Framework for Unani Temperament Analysis: A Hypothesis
Background: Unani medicine, a Greco-Arabic traditional system, centers on Mizaj (temperament) assessment for diagnosis and treatment. The Ajnas-e-Ashra (ten determinants) provide a comprehensive framework for temperament classification, but their subjective nature challenges systematic computational analysis and integration with modern clinical data. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that deep learning techniques can effectively encode the hierarchical, context-dependent relationships recognized by Unani practitioners into a quantitative framework for temperament analysis. Specifically, we propose that: (1) a similarity metric learned from practitioner consensus will better preserve clinically meaningful temperamental distinctions than standard distance measures; (2) modern neural network architectures can model complex interactions between the ten determinants; (3) combining multiple data types (structured clinical data, patient descriptions, physiological measurements) will improve accuracy; and (4) the resulting visualizations will align with Unani theoretical principles while providing clinically useful insights. Evaluation: The hypothesis can be tested by (a) collecting a multi-center dataset of patient profiles with practitioner consensus annotations; (b) training the proposed model and comparing its performance against standard methods using measures of accuracy and practitioner agreement; (c) conducting controlled tests to assess each component's contribution; and (d) validating clinical utility through blinded practitioner evaluation and prospective trials. Implications: If validated, this approach would provide the first quantitative, reproducible framework for Ajnas-e-Ashra analysis, enabling temperament-based patient stratification, treatment personalization, and integration of Unani concepts with modern biomedical data. The methodology could be adapted to other traditional medicine systems. Keywords: Unani Medicine; Mizaj; Temperament; Deep Learning; Artificial Intelligence; Hypothesis; Traditional Medicine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hafiz Iqtidar Ahmad , Mudassir Hasan Khan , S M Ahmer , Farooq Ahmad Dar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Efficacy and therapeutic rationale of ManahVeda Diabohealth Tablets in Diabetes Care: An Overview
Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder marked by chronic hyperglycemia and associated with progressive complications affecting multiple organ systems. The limitations of conventional anti-diabetic therapies, including adverse effects and incomplete metabolic control, have driven interest toward holistic and multi-targeted approaches such as Ayurveda. ManahVeda Diabohealth (DH) Tablets are an Ayurvedic proprietary polyherbal formulation developed to support glycemic regulation and metabolic balance through synergistic herbal actions. The formulation contains standardized extracts of Momordica charantia (Karela), Gymnema sylvestre (Gudmar), Syzygium cumini (Jamun), Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Cinnamon), Pterocarpus marsupium (Vijaysar), Swertia chirata (Chirayata), Emblica officinalis (Amla), Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), and Asphaltum punjabianum (Shilajit). These herbs are traditionally recognized for their antihyperglycemic, insulin-sensitizing, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pancreatic protective properties. The therapeutic rationale of Diabohealth Tablets lies in their multi-mechanistic action, including enhancement of insulin secretion, improvement of peripheral glucose uptake, modulation of carbohydrate metabolism, reduction of oxidative stress, and restoration of metabolic homeostasis. From an Ayurvedic perspective, the formulation aids in correcting Agni dysfunction, balancing Kapha and Vata doshas, and addressing the pathophysiology of Madhumeha at both systemic and cellular levels. In addition to glycemic control, the formulation may contribute to improved energy levels, stress modulation, and overall quality of life. Collectively, ManahVeda Diabohealth Tablets represent a rational Ayurvedic intervention for integrative diabetes management. However, well-designed clinical studies are necessary to validate their long-term efficacy, safety, and therapeutic outcomes. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Ayurvedic medicine; Polyherbal formulation; Glycemic control; Madhumeha; ManahVeda Diabohealth Tablets
Copyright (c) 2026 Naseem Akhtar Khan, Ghulamuddin Sofi, Md Najibur Rahman, Barkati Md Tarique, Talat Nahid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Clinical Relevance of Artava: From Upadhatu to Modern Proteomic Diagnostic Biofluid: A Narrative Review
Background: Artava, as described in Ayurveda is a core determinant of women’s reproductive health, encompassing menstrual function, fertility, and diagnostic indicators of gynaecological diseases. From an Ayurvedic ontological perspective, Artava is conceptualized as an Upadhatu originating from Rasa Dhatu, as described by Acharya Charaka and Vagbhata, whereas Acharya Sushruta emphasizes its manifestation as Rakta that is localized in the Garbhashaya and periodically secretes during menstruation. Classical Ayurvedic texts describe Artava, when endowed with normal colour, consistency, odour, and periodicity, as Suddha Artava, signifying physiological menstruation and reproductive competence in women. In Ayurvedic gynaecology, the assessment of Artava is based on the analysis of qualitative attributes such as colour, texture, odour, volume, and associated clinical features. Conversely, contemporary biomedical science interprets menstruation as a physiologically regulated process driven by cyclical hormonal interactions within the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis and changes in the endometrium. Objective: This narrative review integrates classical Ayurveda concepts with modern scientific interpretations of menstrual physiology to elucidate the ontological basis, functional significance, and diagnostic benefits of Artava. Methods: This narrative review is based on a comprehensive analysis of classical Ayurveda texts, including Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita and Ashtanga Hridaya, and their authoritative commentaries. Results: This review emphasizes the convergences between traditional sensory-based assessment and current biological understanding of menstruation, critically examines the clinical relevance of Artavadushti, and outlines future research possibilities, including molecular and proteomic evaluation of menstrual blood. Existing reviews often remain descriptive, fragmented, or confined to either classical exposition or biomedical correlation, without offering a cohesive integrative framework. Conclusion: This narrative review aims to critically analyze classical and contemporary literature to present an integrative understanding of Artava, including the conceptual and clinical significance of Artava Pariksha and Artavadushti, as well as the potential for translational research in this area. Keywords: Artava, Rasa Dhatu, Upadhatu, Menstrual blood, Artava Pariksha
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Ekta , B. Pushpalatha , Prof. K. Bharathi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
CRISPR-Cas Systems: Mechanisms, Variants, and Biomedical Applications: A Comprehensive Review
Objectives: This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the mechanisms, classification, emerging variants, and biomedical applications of CRISPR-Cas systems, while critically evaluating current limitations and future directions in genome editing. Data Sources: Peer-reviewed literature was sourced from PubMed, Google Scholar, and institutional databases. Sources included primary research articles, systematic reviews, clinical trial reports, and authoritative commentary up till 2025. Study Selection: Studies were selected based on relevance to CRISPR-Cas mechanism, classification, therapeutic application, and emerging technologies. Priority was given to high-impact journals in molecular biology, genetics, and clinical medicine. Summary: CRISPR-Cas systems, originally characterized as adaptive immune mechanisms in prokaryotes, have been repurposed as highly precise genome engineering platforms. The two major system classes, defined by multi-protein versus single-effector complexes, encompass diverse types with distinct nuclease activities and target specificities. Key variants, including base editors, prime editors, and diagnostic platforms such as SHERLOCK and DETECTR, have substantially expanded functional capabilities. Biomedical applications span therapeutic gene correction in monogenic disorders, cancer immunotherapy, antiviral strategies, functional genomics, and disease modelling. Persistent challenges include off-target effects, delivery limitations, immune responses, and ethical concerns surrounding germline editing. Conclusion: CRISPR-Cas technology represents a paradigm shift in molecular biology. Continued refinement of editing fidelity, delivery systems, and ethical frameworks will be essential for its safe and equitable clinical translation. Keywords: CRISPR-Cas systems, genome editing, Cas9 nuclease, gene knockout, gene therapy, base editing, prime editing
Copyright (c) 2026 Augustine Chinedu Ihim, Kelechi Caroline Obi, Patrick Chinedu Obi, Ini Edeh, Donatus F.N. Ozuruoke , Tochukwu Anthony Ikwelle https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Thorough Analysis of Natural Polymers as Functional Excipients in Contemporary Pharmaceutical Formulations
Natural polymers' innate biocompatibility, biodegradability, and environmental friendliness have made them attractive functional excipients in contemporary pharmaceutical formulations. This study emphasizes the importance of natural polymers-such as starch, cellulose, alginate, chitosan, gelatin, and xanthan gum-derived from plant, animal, and microbial sources in the creation of cutting-edge drug delivery methods. These polymers have a variety of physicochemical characteristics, including swelling, viscosity, gel-forming capacity, and mucoadhesion, all of which are essential for regulating drug release, boosting stability, and increasing bioavailability. Natural polymers are appealing substitutes for synthetic excipients in pharmaceutical applications because they provide benefits such lower toxicity, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. The categorization, origins, and functional roles of natural polymers in biological, pharmacological, and environmental applications are also covered in the review. Their use in targeted delivery, hydrogels, nanoparticles, controlled and sustained drug delivery systems, and gene delivery systems is highlighted. Additionally, recent advancements including the invention of stimuli-responsive polymers, chemical modification, and the integration of nanotechnology have significantly enhanced their functionality and broadened their applications. Despite its advantages, challenges like unpredictability, microbial contamination, and regulatory difficulties require standardization and advanced processing techniques. All things considered, natural polymers provide a versatile and durable foundation for the development of innovative drug delivery systems, improving patient compliance and therapeutic outcomes in modern pharmaceutical sciences. Keywords: Mucoadhesion, biocompatibility, controlled drug delivery, pharmaceutical excipients, natural polymers, and biodegradability
Copyright (c) 2026 Antesh Kumar Jha , Mahesh Prasad , Shashi Shankar , Anant Prakash Pandey , Abhishek Singh , Shiv Kumar Srivastava https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phytoconstituents in Herbal Toothpastes: Mechanisms for Plaque Control and Gingival Health
The global rise in interest toward herbal oral care products has brought significant focus on the phytoconstituents present in herbal toothpastes. Unlike conventional formulations containing fluoride, triclosan, and chlorhexidine, herbal preparations utilize natural bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and essential oils derived from plants like neem, clove, licorice, and miswak. These phytoconstituents exert antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and plaque-inhibiting actions that contribute to maintaining gingival health. This review summarizes the mechanisms of plaque formation, the role of active phytoconstituents, their pharmacological actions, and compares them with conventional agents. Safety aspects, current evidence from clinical and laboratory studies, and future research prospects are also discussed to highlight the therapeutic potential of herbal-based oral care products. Keywords: Herbal toothpaste; Phytoconstituents; Dental plaque; Gingival health; Antimicrobial activity
Copyright (c) 2026 Rajveer Bhaskar , Monika Ola , Sonali Matkar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nanotechnology-Driven Drug Delivery System: Recent Advances, Applications and Future Perspectives
Purpose: With the ability to solve problems of standard medicine, nanotechnology is presently an innovative technology in advanced pharmaceutical delivery. A wide range of nanocarriers, including lipid-based systems, polymeric nanoparticles, self-assembled structures, and functionalized nanomaterials, provides diverse platforms for the delivery of a range of medicaments, extending from pure substances to genetic therapies like siRNA 4. Methods: This review highlights the application of nanotechnology-based systems in drug delivery, including their role in tumour research, bronchial delivery, oral therapeutic formulations, and even integrated techniques such as diagnostic-guided therapy, which blends the assessment and cure. Results: By presenting the accurate transfer and managed release, nanoparticles can strengthen the therapeutic solubility, durability, and uptake while facilitating the therapeutic results and minimizing the side effects2,3.An additional benchmark has been given to Antitumor therapy, where site-specific nanoparticles and reaction-prone system reduce the harm to nourishing cells while strengthening the treatment reproducibility3,8. Green and sustainable nanomaterials focus on the advancement towards reliable, planet-friendly, and user-friendly formulations5. Conclusion: Regardless of these new methods, hardships remain in assuring large-batch production, prolonged safety, loss prevention, and sandardization approval6. Currently, investigation prevails to more evident technological approaches, plan efficient carriers, and analyse future opportunities where nano-drug delivery could alter the healthcare on an international scale7 . Keywords: nanocarriers, bioavailability, diagnostic-guided therapy, targeted delivery, novel drug delivery system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Manisha Chandola , Karuna Dhaundhiyal , Abhijeet Ojha , Arun Kumar Singh , Vikas Bhatt https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of the Nootropic Activity of the Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Neolamarckia cadamba in Experimental Animal Models
This study aimed to evaluate the nootropic activity of the ethanolic leaf extract of Neolamarckia cadamba (ELENC) in mice. Nootropic activity was assessed using ELENC at selected doses. Donepezil (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as the standard reference drug, and scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to induce amnesia. Learning and memory were evaluated using the Elevated Plus Maze, Radial Arm Maze, and Y-maze paradigms in scopolamine-induced amnesic mice. In addition, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels were estimated in whole-brain homogenates to assess cholinergic function. ELENC treatment significantly increased behavioral and spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze task, indicating improved spatial working memory. In the elevated plus-maze model, ELENC significantly reduced transfer latency in scopolamine-treated mice, suggesting enhanced learning and cognition. The extract also increased locomotor activity and markedly decreased brain acetylcholinesterase levels compared with the normal control, negative control, and standard drug groups, indicating restoration of cholinergic neurotransmission disrupted by scopolamine. Overall, these findings suggest that ELENC improves learning and memory across multiple behavioral models, and the reduction in brain AChE activity further supports its neuroprotective potential. Therefore, Neolamarckia cadamba leaf extract may serve as a promising therapeutic candidate for the management of Alzheimer’s disease and related cognitive impairments. Keywords: Nootropic activity, Neolamarckia cadamba, Alzheimer’s disease, Donepezil, scopolamine
Copyright (c) 2026 Srinivasu Matta, Sayyad Arshiya, Sai Krishana Nallajerla, Dhabal Kumar Satapathy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Design and Characterization of Nicotine Polacrilex-Loaded Cubosomal Nanogel for Enhanced Topical Drug Delivery
The effective encapsulation of hydrophilic and lipophilic medications is made possible by cubosomes, which are nanostructured lipid carriers with a bicontinuous cubic liquid crystalline structure. Nicotine Polacrilex-loaded cubosomal Nanogel was designed and characterized in this study to improve topical drug delivery. Glyceryl monooleate (GMO) was used as the lipid and Poloxamer 407 as the stabilizer in the top-down method of creating cubosomes. The optimized cubosomal dispersion (NP3) demonstrated acceptable stability and nanoscale size with a zeta potential of -15.57 mV, a particle size of 134.6 nm, Drug content of nanogel of 91.22+ 0.34% and a high entrapment efficiency of 90.71 + 0.42%. A cubosomal Nanogel formulation was created by combining the optimized dispersion with Carbopol 934 gel base. The produced gel had a smooth appearance, good homogeneity, a suitable viscosity (12358 + 6.12 cps), an acceptable pH (6.52 + 0.59), and a satisfactory spreadability (17.963 + 0.842 g·cm/sec). Diffusion-controlled drug release was indicated by Franz diffusion cell in vitro drug release studies, which showed sustained release behavior for up to 6 hours after Higuchi diffusion kinetics (R2 = 0.9799). Ultimately, the Nicotine Polacrilex-loaded cubosomal Nanogel showed promise as a topical drug delivery system with sustained release. Keywords: Nicotine Polacrilex, Cubosomes, Topical drug delivery, Carbopol Nanogel, Sustained release
Copyright (c) 2026 Shashank Namannavar , Chandrashekar C. Patil , Arjun L Uppar, Sneha Jakaraddi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development and Characterization of Caffeine-Loaded Niosome Hydrogel for Topical Delivery
The aim of present work is to development and characterization of caffeine-loaded niosomal hydrogel for topical delivery. The stratum corneum significantly limits the effectiveness of conventional topical drug delivery systems. Vesicular carriers such as niosomes have emerged as a promising strategy to enhance dermal penetration and provide sustained drug release. The present study focused on development and characterization of a caffeine-loaded niosomal hydrogel intended for its antioxidant, lipolytic, and skin stimulating properties. Niosomes were prepared using a ether injection technique with different ratios of Tween 80 and cholesterol and were subsequently incorporated into a Carbopol 934 hydrogel base. Comprehensive characterization was performed, including particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, FTIR compatibility studies, rheological assessment, spreadability, homogeneity, drug content, entrapment efficiency, and in-vitro drug release. Among the prepared formulations, batch CG4 demonstrated the highest entrapment efficiency (86.925 ± 0.165%) and was selected as the optimized system. The optimized niosomes exhibited a mean particle size of 448.1 nm and a zeta potential of -4.877 mV, indicating satisfactory vesicle stability. The corresponding niosomal hydrogel (NG1) showed desirable physicochemical properties, including pH 6.2 ± 0.58, viscosity 14235 ± 7.12 cps, excellent spreadability (17.963 ± 0.842 g·cm/sec), uniform consistency, and absence of grittiness, drug content (92.32 ±0.42). In-vitro release studies revealed a sustained release pattern of caffeine (81.9% over 12 hours), predominantly following first-order and Higuchi release kinetics. Overall, the development and characterization of caffeine-loaded niosomal hydrogel demonstrates strong potential as an effective topical delivery system for enhanced and sustained topical drug delivery. Keywords : Caffeine, Niosomes, Hydrogel, Viscosity, pH, Spreadability etc
Copyright (c) 2026 Sneha Jakaraddi, Chandrashekar C. Patil, Arjun L Uppar, Shashank Namannavar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development and Validation of a RP-HPLC-PDA Method for Simultaneous Determination of Phenobarbital and Phenytoin in Pure Form and its Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
Aim: A rapid and precise Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for Phenobarbital and Phenytoin, in its pure form as well as in combined tablet dosage form. Study Design: Analytical method development and validation study. Methodology: Chromatography was carried out on a Symmetry C18 (4.6 x 150mm, 5µm) column using a mixture of Methanol: Phosphate Buffer pH 3.5 (65:35) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min, the detection was carried out at 270 nm. Results: The retention time of the Phenobarbital and Phenytoin was 2.459, 4.322 min respectively. The method produces linear responses in the concentration range of 5-25mg/ml of Phenobarbital and 2.5-12.5mg/ml of Phenytoin. The method’s precision for the determination of assay was below 2.0%RSD. Conclusion: All the system suitability parameters and validation parameters also met the ICH validation acceptance criteria. Hence, the present developed method can be successfully applicable for routine quality control analysis of bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Keywords: Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, RP-HPLC, Method development and Validation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suchitra Duddagi, Akulas Shushma, CH Sudha Bhargavi, Munija Pancheddula , Sandyarani Deekonda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Polyphenolic extract from Entada africana Guill. Pers is a potential antioxidant and anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα) ingredient
Entada africana Polyphenolic Extract (PEE) revealed higher contents of total polyphenols (264.91±1.51mg EAG/g of extract), flavonoids (14.26 ±0.26mg EQ.g of extract) and flavonols (2.1±0.03mg EQ/g of extract). Concentration of Scavenging 50% (CS50) of hydroxyl radical (HOo) radicals with PEE (20.65 ± 0.35 μg/mL) compared to that of vitamin C (7.90 ± 0.00 μg/mL) showed a significant difference at p< 0.05 for HOo scavenging activities. The PEE extract inhibited lipidic peroxidation with IC50 of 9.70 ± 0.21 μg/mL but not significantly different from vitamin C (8.70 ± 0.14 µg/mL). PEE extract have inhibited the production of TNFα with IC50 (71.05 ± 1.20 µg/mL) significantly (p< 0.05) when compared to 25% of methylene chloride fraction of Khaya grandifoliola (32.10 ± 1.13 µg/mL) considered as a standard. For the activation of erythrocytes plasma membrane redox system (PMRS), PEE had an Effective Concentration 50% (EC50) of 8.4 ± 0.00 µg/mL relatively less than that of quercetine 4.6 ± 0.00 µg/mL. Moreover, PEE inhibits proteins oxidation in a dose-concentration manner with an IC50 of 14.60 ± 1.13 µg/mL significantly different (p< 0.05) from that of quercetin (4.60 ± 0.00 µg/mL) considered as a standard. Altogether, PEE could be used as potential antioxidant and anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα) ingredient for food and nutrition. Keywords: Entada africana, polyphenols, antioxidant, anti-TNFα, erythrocytes PMRS
Copyright (c) 2026 Ridel Mbiandou Njami , Ferdinand Kouoh Elombo, Sylvain Nsangou Pechangou, Bradley Bolling, Frederic Nico Njayou , Paul Fewou Moundipa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and Evaluation of Caffeine-Loaded Cubosomes Hydrogel for Topical Delivery
The goal of the current study was to create and assess a cubosomal hydrogel loaded with caffeine for long-term topical administration. Due to its hydrophilic nature, caffeine, which is widely utilized for its antioxidant, lipolytic, and skin-stimulating qualities, has limited skin permeability in traditional formulations. Glyceryl monooleate (GMO) and Poloxamer 407 were used in the top-down procedure to create cubosomes in order to get over this restriction. Particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, morphology, entrapment efficiency, and compatibility tests were assessed for the produced formulations. With a particle size of 280.4 nm, a PDI of 0.3461, and a zeta potential of −23.64 mV, F3 demonstrated the best qualities among the produced formulations, indicating satisfactory stability. F3's entrapment efficiency was determined to be 88.915 ± 0.148%. After being integrated into a Carbopol 934 hydrogel, the improved cubosomal dispersion was assessed for physicochemical characteristics. The gel had an appropriate pH of 6.72 ± 0.48, a viscosity of 13285 ± 6.12 cps, good spreadability, a consistent drug content of 95.382 ± 0.864%, and no grittiness. Caffeine was shown to be released continuously for up to 24 hours (82.756%), in-vitro drug release tests using Franz diffusion cells, which followed Higuchi diffusion kinetics. Formulation parameters did not significantly change throughout 90-day stability testing. Overall, the findings point to cubosomal hydrogel filled with caffeine as a potential method for improved and long-lasting topical medication administration. Keywords: Caffeine; Cubosomes; Topical drug delivery; Carbopol hydrogel; Sustained release
Copyright (c) 2026 Arjun L Uppar, Chandrashekar C. Patil, Shashank Namannavar, Pankaj Ajit Deshmane https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the treatment of gastroenteritis and urinary tract infections in children aged 0–5 in the city of Guelendeng and its surroundings
In recent years, there has been growing interest in researching and developing new molecules with antimicrobial properties from various natural sources, with the aim of combating antibiotic resistance. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying medicinal plants used in the treatment of gastroenteritis and urinary tract infections in children under five in the city of Guelendeng and its surroundings. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted using questionnaires with 33 traditional practitioners. Fieldwork allowed samples of the four most frequently cited plants for the two infections to be collected for identification and testing on bacterial strains. A total of 13 plants indicated for the treatment of gastroenteritis and 11 for the treatment of urinary tract infections were identified, distributed respectively among 7 and 6 families. The Fabaceae family is dominant (38.48% and 36.37%). Most of the respondents were women (55%), and most were not literate (48.49%) or had a primary education (39.39%). The floral diversity constitutes a natural resource for traditional medicine. Studies of this kind should encourage everyone to protect the flora. Keywords: medicinal plants, gastro-intestinal and urinary infections, children under 5.
gastro-intestinal and urinary infections
Copyright (c) 2026 Djetenbe RONDOUBA , Ngam-asra NADJIOROM , Martinien ATAKEWANG DJETOLOUM , Azor DJEKILAMBER , Yeba MBAIDE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Physicochemical Characterization and Thin Layer Chromatographic Fingerprinting of Drakshadi Ghrita: A Foundational Study for Standardization
Background: Drakshadi Ghrita is a classical Ayurvedic medicated ghee formulation traditionally indicated in eye care and as a rejuvenative. Despite its clinical use, published analytical data remain scarce, hindering quality assurance and regulatory acceptance. Objective: To establish a comprehensive physicochemical and chromatographic profile of a marketed Drakshadi Ghrita sample and correlate identified biomarkers with clinical ophthalmic applications. Methods: A 100 mL sample was analysed following Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India protocols for moisture content, saponification value, iodine value, acid value, Reichert-Meissl value, specific gravity, refractive index, rancidity (Kries test), and thin-layer chromatographic fingerprinting. Results: The sample exhibited moisture 0.16% w/w, saponification value 223.82, iodine value 37.36, acid value 0.78, Reichert-Meissl value 25.93, specific gravity 0.9211 at 25°C, and refractive index 1.4610 at 25°C. Kries test was negative. TLC revealed four major spots at Rf 0.25, 0.28, 0.79, and 0.96 after anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid derivatisation, corresponding to flavonoids, glycyrrhizin, resveratrol, and sterols respectively. Conclusion: The sample demonstrated physicochemical parameters consistent with pure bovine ghee base and good manufacturing quality. The TLC fingerprint provides a reproducible identity marker, and the identified biomarkers possess significant clinical relevance in managing anterior and posterior segment eye disorders. Keywords: Drakshadi Ghrita; medicated ghee; physicochemical analysis; Reichert-Meissl value; thin-layer chromatography; ocular biomarkers
Copyright (c) 2026 Sagarika S Lal , Harish Kumar Singhal , Manisha Goyal , Rajeev Soni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Intestinal drug absorption kinetics determined in Ussing chambers is affected by the nature of the physiological media
The aim of this study was to determine whether the nature of the physiological medium influences experimentally determined jejunal permeability. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) and vitamin C were used because their absorption pathways are well characterized. The study showed that the composition of the physiological solutions influenced (i) the conductance (G) of the intestinal mucosa and (ii) the intestinal permeation of acetaminophen and vitamin C. After 2 h, the transintestinal flux (Jms) of vitamin C was J=31.4 ± 1.44 µg.h⁻¹.cm⁻² with Ringer's solution, while with Sorensen's solution it was J=51.1 ± 7.09 µg.h⁻¹.cm⁻² and J=15.8 ± 1.92 µg.h⁻¹.cm⁻² with sodium-free Ringer's solution. The acetaminophen flux was J=17.9 ± 1.39 µg.h⁻¹.cm⁻² with Ringer's solution, while with Sorensen's solution it was J=12.6 ± 1.99 µg.h⁻¹.cm⁻². A strong correlation (R² = 0.979) was observed between conductance and vitamin C fluxes with different solutions, including Ringer’s, Sorensen’s, and sodium-free Ringer’s. For acetaminophen, the correlation was significant only with Ringer’s solution (R² = 0.976). The composition of the physiological solutions also influenced tissue responses to pharmacological effectors such as glucose and carbacholine. The proximal jejunum, when incubated in Ussing chambers, exhibited less morphological deterioration of epithelial villi. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that commonly used physiological media can affect the functional viability of intestinal tissue and influence experimental permeability data, highlighting the importance of carefully considering medium composition in in vitro intestinal drug absorption studies. Keywords: Intestinal absorption, physiological buffers composition, rat intestine, jejunum, physiological media, Ussing chambers, vitamin C, acetaminophen.
Copyright (c) 2026 Godefroy Bruno MAMADOU , Linh Chi BUI , Ferdinand KOUOH ELOMBO , Nicolas LIMAS-NZOUZI , Nathalie Ialy-Radio, Bruno ETO , Gilles PONCHEL https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0