A Review on the Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Benzimidazole Derivatives for Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities
Abstract
Benzimidazole is a privileged nitrogen-containing fused heterocyclic scaffold that has attracted considerable interest in medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry because of its structural versatility, favorable physicochemical properties and broad biological profile. The benzimidazole nucleus comprises a benzene ring fused with an imidazole ring containing two nitrogen atoms, providing multiple sites for structural modification and interaction with biological targets. This review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial evaluation and antioxidant potential of benzimidazole derivatives, with particular emphasis on structure-activity relationships (SAR). Classical synthetic approaches mainly involve the condensation of o-phenylenediamine with aldehydes, carboxylic acids and related carbonyl compounds, whereas modern methodologies increasingly employ microwave irradiation, solvent-free conditions, recyclable catalysts, nano-catalysts, photocatalysis, mechanochemistry and other green-chemistry strategies. Structural characterization is commonly performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ^1H and ^13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and, where appropriate, single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Benzimidazole derivatives demonstrate promising antibacterial and antifungal activities against diverse pathogens. Their antioxidant potential is commonly evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and lipid-peroxidation assays. Overall, benzimidazole provides a versatile platform for developing multifunctional antimicrobial and antioxidant agents, although standardized biological protocols, mechanistic validation, selectivity assessment, pharmacokinetic studies and in vivo investigations remain necessary for successful therapeutic translation.
Keywords: Benzimidazole; Heterocyclic chemistry; Antimicrobial activity; Antioxidant activity; Structure-activity relationship
Keywords:
Benzimidazole, Heterocyclic chemistry, Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, Structure-activity relationshipDOI
https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v16i10.8051References
1. Ertl P, Altmann E, Wilcken R. Ring systems in medicinal chemistry: A cheminformatics analysis of ring popularity in drug discovery over time. Eur J Med Chem. 2025;300:118178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2025.118178 PMid:40992171
2. Kumar R, Marianesan AB, Pathak S. Benzimidazole as a Privileged Scaffold in Drug Design and Discovery. Curr Top Med Chem. 2024;24(17):1504-1528. https://doi.org/10.2174/0115680266314704240522112439 PMid:38818908
3. Chu Y, Zhang P, Zhu Y, Ma P, Ma C. Functional group effects on thermal stability and initial decomposition behavior of nitrogen-rich fused heterocyclic energetic materials: a DFT study. Struct Chem. Published online July 13, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11224-026-02838-x
4. Tarek A, Jaballah MY, Elrazaz EZ, Samir N. The recent advances in benzimidazole-based antimicrobials and antitubercular agents. Futur J Pharm Sci. 2025;11(1):109. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-025-00867-7
5. Sundharaj V, Vijayakumar V, Sarveswari S. A review on biologically important benzimidazole derivatives. Results Chem. 2026;21:103042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2026.103042
6. Lian Z, Zhou J. Recent advances in toxicity and determination methods of benzimidazole fungicides (carbendazim and thiabendazole) in plant-derived foods: a review since 2015. Microchemical Journal. 2025;219:116271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2025.116271
7. Irfan A, Arshad M, Al-Hussain SA, et al. Recent advances in the synthetic transformation of benzimidazole scaffolds as privileged pharmacophores for cancer chemotherapy (2020-present). Journal of Saudi Chemical Society. 2026;30(1):6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44442-025-00051-9
8. Omar MA, Temirak A, Abdelraof M, et al. Design and synthesis of benzimidazole-based derivatives with antimicrobial activity: mechanistic insights into ROS-mediated oxidative damage, hemolytic assessment, and molecular docking studies. Bioorg Chem. 2026;174:109736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2026.109736 PMid:41831427
9. Sundharaj V, Mohanraj S, Sarveswari S, Vijayakumar V. Catalyst-Assisted Synthesis of Benzimidazole Derivatives: Recent Advances and Mechanistic Insights. Top Curr Chem. 2026;384(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-025-00535-7 PMid:41484321
10. Keri RS, Adimule V, Kendrekar P, Sasidhar BS. The Nano-Based Catalyst for the Synthesis of Benzimidazoles. Top Catal. 2025;68(13):1449-1469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-022-01562-0
11. Karhale S, Kadam A. Cellulose-based surface-modified heterogeneously feasible novel solid acid catalyst to access bioactive heterocycles. Research on Chemical Intermediates. 2024;50(1):31-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-023-05171-8
12. Vlocskó RB, Mishra M, Stoica AI, Gustin L, Török B. Catalyst-free synthesis of substituted benzimidazoles and benzothiazoles in a sustainable solvent. Tetrahedron Green Chem. 2024;3:100035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tgchem.2023.100035
13. Saini P, Kumar K, Saini S, et al. Nanostructured Materials for Visible-Light-Driven Organic Synthesis: A New Catalytic Solution for a Sustainable World. In: 2025:143-180. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-8229-4_6 PMCid:PMC11762537
14. Rashid Mohd, Kasana S, Nigam V, et al. Ball-mill-assisted mechanochemical approaches for heterocyclic compound synthesis (2015-2024). Mol Divers. 2026;30(1):3-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11030-025-11176-9 PMid:40208427
15. Mthembu S, Malevu T, Cele Z, Jonnalagadda S, Gumbi B, Maddila S. A green microwave-assisted synthetic approach of covalent organic frameworks for use in the treatment of saline water. Inorg Chem Commun. 2025;178:114494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2025.114494
16. Monga J, Ghosh NS, Rani I, et al. Unlocking the Pharmacological Potential of Benzimidazole Derivatives: A Pathway to Drug Development. Curr Top Med Chem. 2024;24(5):437-485. https://doi.org/10.2174/0115680266283641240109080047 PMid:38311918
17. Agrwal A, Rai P, Kumar V. Recent Developments in Heterogeneous Nano Catalyst for Green Synthesis: A Review. Top Catal. 2025;68(18-19):2213-2231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-025-02118-8
18. Badbedast M, Abdolmaleki A, Khalili D. Synthesis of benzazoles via oxidative cyclization using Fe3O4@PDA/CuCl2 as a green nanocatalyst. Research on Chemical Intermediates. 2024;50(2):639-650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-023-05195-0
19. Parmar B, Bhanderi D, Agrawal S, et al. Temperature-tuned synthesis of g-C3N4 for efficient visible light driven nitro-Mannich reactions. J Photochem Photobiol. 2026;33:100288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpap.2026.100288
20. Alamiery A. Standardized protocols and applications in mechanochemical synthesis for organic and inorganic materials. Discover Chemistry. 2026;3(1):65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44371-026-00526-7
21. Liu X, Zhou Y, Rajalakshmi K, et al. Functionalization of Halo-Hydroxy Benzimidazole onto SiO2 Nanoparticles: Catalytic, Photophysical, and Biological Investigations for Sustainable Applications. Silicon. 2025;17(17):4059-4070. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-025-03449-7
22. Chauhan M, Gupta S, Paliwal S, Nain S. Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Novel Benzimidazole Derivatives against Candida albicans. Pharm Chem J. 2024;57(12):1934-1940. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-024-03099-w
23. Jadhav SK, Devraye SM, Deshmukh RR, Chaitanya GK, Zangade SB. Ultrasound assisted green synthesis, spectral study, crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis, molecular docking and in-vitro cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of halohydroxy substituted benzimidazole and benzothiazole Schiff bases. J Mol Struct. 2026;1370:146474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2026.146474
24. Usri SNK, Jamain Z, Makmud MZH. Synthesis and molecular elucidation of new hexasubstituted cyclotriphosphazene derivatives: Determination on flame retardancy, thermal behavior and dielectric properties. J Mol Struct. 2025;1328:141349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2025.141349
25. Banu H V, Arulnangai R, Karthi G B, Thabassoom H A, Thirugnanasambandham K, Ganesamoorthy R. Synthesis, characterization, DFT, HOMO-LUMO, MEP analysis, and in-silico docking studies of piperidine derivatives. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. 2025;102(5):101679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2025.101679
26. Mohnish M, Ramavath V, Ghule VD, Sarangapani R. Computation of 1H NMR chemical shifts: structural assessment of energetic materials. J Mol Model. 2025;31(9):230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-025-06448-y PMid:40762858
27. Zhu S, Zou Y, Zhang X, et al. Thiazole and thiophene based heterocyclic tailored TiO2 nanocomposite for anti-pancreatic cancer activity against PANC-1 pancreatic cells and its unravelling photodegradation dynamics. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2026;266:115814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2026.115814 PMid:42150516
28. Patel N V., Patel PR, Kamdar NR. One-pot CAN-catalyzed synthesis of indole-substituted pyrimido-fused naphthyridine and thiazole-based derivatives from diverse amines: Cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell line. Tetrahedron. 2026;196:135278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2026.135278
29. Akash MSH, Rehman K. Comprehensive Insights into UV-VIS Spectrophotometry. In: Essentials of Pharmaceutical Analysis. Springer Nature Singapore; 2025:95-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-5996-8_3
30. Harisankar S, Pragadeshwar Babu MV, Srinivasan S, Vinu R. Hydrothermal liquefaction of diverse plastics using water and seawater. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2024;501:157365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.157365
31. Xiao J. Structural Insights from X-Ray Crystallography. In: 2024:103-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1941-8_6
32. Dahham Abed Abed M, M. Saeed Younus Tahhan O, Muhsin Mohammed Youns Fto A, Kebiroğlu MH, Bulut N. Halogen-dependent electronic regulation of reactivity and acetylcholinesterase recognition in halomethyl acetates: a predictive DFT-docking framework. J Comput Aided Mol Des. 2026;40(1):117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10822-026-00828-z PMid:42126661 PMCid:PMC13171781
33. G AC, Kumari J, Kishan J, et al. 2-Substituted and 1,2-disubstitued benzimidazole derivatives: Synthesis and identification of potential antibacterial agents. J Mol Struct. 2025;1333:141693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2025.141693
34. Gori C, Katariya D, Akbari A, Naliapara Y. Benzimidazole: An Overview of Synthesis, Properties, and Diverse Biological Applications in Medicinal Chemistry. Reviews and Advances in Chemistry. 2025;15(4):466-487. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2634827625600331
35. Natarajan R, Kumar P, Subramani A, et al. A Critical Review on Therapeutic Potential of Benzimidazole Derivatives: A Privileged Scaffold. Med Chem (Los Angeles). 2024;20(3):311-351. https://doi.org/10.2174/0115734064253813231025093707 PMid:37946342
36. Saha S, Singh M, Thapliyal N, Ahamad S, Bhat SA, Jakhmola V. Imidazole Scaffolds against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA: a medicinal chemistry review. Mol Divers. Published online May 11, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11030-026-11580-9
37. Shao WB, Zhou X, Yang S, Zhou Y. Targets for bacterial resistance: recent advances in small-molecule FtsZ inhibitors. Future Med Chem. 2026;18(9):1133-1152. https://doi.org/10.1080/17568919.2026.2642580 PMid:41870231 PMCid:PMC13154970
38. Negm E, Mosaad AM, El-Taweel F, Sofan M. Sustainable Dyeing, thermodynamic Investigation, and antimicrobial finishing of Nylon-6 fabrics using novel Benzimidazole-Based azo dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published online August 2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2026.07.040
39. Tu J, Sheng C. Triazole antifungal drug-fluconazole. In: Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Development. Elsevier; 2025:449-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-27402-2.00017-6 PMid:39289330
40. Ünver H, Bağcı ER, Gül ÜD, Kapavarapu R, AY EN, Acar Çevik U. Design, synthesis, in vitro, and in silico studies of benzimidazolium derivatives as potent antimicrobial agents. J Mol Struct. 2025;1345:143119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2025.143119
41. Omar MA, Temirak A, Abdelraof M, et al. Design and synthesis of benzimidazole-based derivatives with antimicrobial activity: mechanistic insights into ROS-mediated oxidative damage, hemolytic assessment, and molecular docking studies. Bioorg Chem. 2026;174:109736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2026.109736 PMid:41831427
42. Boy S, Ardahanlı H, Gören K, Manap S, Yüksek H. Novel triazole derivative Mannich bases as potential therapeutic agents: synthesis, in-vitro and in-silico studies. J Mol Struct. 2026;1375:146893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2026.146893
43. Liu T, Wang ZJ, Shi YZ, et al. Curcusinol from the fruit of Carex baccans with antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant strains. J Ethnopharmacol. 2024;318:116892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.116892 PMid:37460030
44. Farokhnasab O, Moghadam A, Eslamifar Z, Moghadam AH. Fabrication and characterization of chitosan-based bionanocomposite coating reinforced with TiO2 nanoparticles and carbon quantum dots for enhanced antimicrobial efficacy. Int J Biol Macromol. 2025;296:139648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.139648 PMid:39798761
45. Tópor A, Veras FF, Cacciatore FA, Silveira RD, da Silva Malheiros P, Welke JE. Carvacrol nanocapsules as a new antifungal strategy: Characterization and evaluation against fungi important for grape quality and to control the synthesis of ochratoxins. Int J Food Microbiol. 2024;416:110659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110659 PMid:38461732
46. Li Y, Chen J, Zhang W, Li J, Pu Y. Making Mycobacterium tuberculosis Killable: Operational Survival Phenotyping Beyond the Persister Metaphor. Cell Insight. Published online September 2026:100358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellin.2026.100358
47. Kurmi A, Singh AP, Gautam Y, et al. Gallic Acid Derived 1, 2-Diarylindole as a Potential Synergistic Antifungal Agent against Candida Strains. Curr Top Med Chem. 2025;25(9):999-1015. https://doi.org/10.2174/0115680266278892240102045630 PMid:38549526
48. Li X, Zhou Q, Chen Y, Huang Y, Yang W. Strength-ductility synergy of additive manufactured non-equiatomic FCC-based CoCrFeNi2Mox high entropy alloys: Intrinsic cellular structure and σ phase modulation strategy. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2025;945:149021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2025.149021
49. Li F, Mao Z, Du Y, et al. Mesoporous MOFs with ROS scavenging capacity for the alleviation of inflammation through inhibiting stimulator of interferon genes to promote diabetic wound healing. J Nanobiotechnology. 2024;22(1):246. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-024-02423-6 PMid:38735970 PMCid:PMC11089722
50. Wang W, Chen Y, Fang J, Zhang F, Qu G, Cai Z. Toxicity of substituted p-phenylenediamine antioxidants and their derived novel quinones on aquatic bacterium: Acute effects and mechanistic insights. J Hazard Mater. 2024;469:133900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133900 PMid:38442600
51. Abbaoui Z, Khibech O, Oulous A, et al. In silico and in vitro evaluation of N-heterocyclic derivatives as antimicrobials: ADMET analysis, SAR, and molecular docking. In Silico Pharmacol. 2025;13(3):163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40203-025-00445-y PMid:41163692 PMCid:PMC12559536
52. Marinescu M. Benzimidazole-Quinoline Hybrids: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Properties. Pharmaceuticals. 2026;19(1):180. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19010180 PMid:41599778 PMCid:PMC12845349
53. Wang J, Zuo L, Lu Z, et al. Clotrimazole disrupts ergosterol biosynthesis and cell membrane integrity via targeting sterol 14α-demethylases to suppress virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae. Int J Biol Macromol. 2026;335:148998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.148998 PMid:41232888
54. Hagar FF, Abbas SH, Atef E, Abdelhamid D, Abdel‐Aziz M. Benzimidazole scaffold as a potent anticancer agent with different mechanisms of action (2016-2023). Mol Divers. 2025;29(2):1821-1849. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11030-024-10907-8 PMid:39031290 PMCid:PMC11909089
55. Poyraz S, Yıldırım M, Ersatir M. Recent pharmacological insights about imidazole hybrids: a comprehensive review. Medicinal Chemistry Research. 2024;33(6):839-868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-024-03230-2
56. Lee CH, Oh JI, Park HD, et al. Pharmacological characterization of LB50016, N-(4-amino)butyl 3-phenylpyrrolidine derivative, as a new 5-HT1A receptor agonist. Arch Pharm Res. 1999;22(2):157-164. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02976540 PMid:10230506
57. Nawareg NA, Mostafa AS, El-Messery SM, Nasr MNA. New benzimidazole based hybrids: Synthesis, molecular modeling study and anticancer evaluation as TopoII inhibitors. Bioorg Chem. 2022;127:106038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106038 PMid:35870412
58. da Silva Santos I, Magalhaes LO, Marra RKF, et al. Natural and Synthetic Coumarins as Potential Drug Candidates against SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Curr Med Chem. 2025;32(3):539-562. https://doi.org/10.2174/0109298673285609231220111556 PMid:38243979
59. Deshmukh HS, Adole VA, Mali SN, Jagdale BS. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and computational insights of 2-(Aryl)benzo[d]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-7-sulfonamide derivatives as potent antitubercular and antibacterial agents. BMC Chem. 2025;19(1):126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-025-01405-5 PMid:40361163 PMCid:PMC12076927
60. Ghorab MM, Aboul-Magd DS, Soliman AM. Novel 2-oxoethylthio-sulfonamide derivatives targeting pyocyanin/staphyloxanthin producing-pathogens: Antibiofilm, DHPS inhibition and gamma radiation effects. Bioorg Chem. 2025;167:109228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.109228 PMid:41240624
61. Sharanya J, Purushothaman A, Janardanan D, Koley K. Theoretical exploration of the antioxidant activity of honokiol and magnolol. Comput Theor Chem. 2024;1232:114460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comptc.2023.114460
62. Sulistianingrum R, Suryadi H, Hayun H. New structure development of chalcone to discover potent antibacterial agents: A systematic review. J Mol Struct. 2026;1352:144353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2025.144353
63. Biswas A, Bhalani D V., Bhojani G, et al. Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/partially alkylated poly(vinyl imidazole) interpolymer ultrafiltration membranes with intrinsic anti-biofouling and antifouling property for the removal of bacteria. J Hazard Mater. 2022;438:129538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129538 PMid:35999742
64. Priya TS, Swain S, Rao BV, et al. Exploring the anticancer potential of β-amyrin: Scalable process for isolation, semi synthesis, and molecular docking studies. Bioorg Med Chem. 2025;130:118388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2025.118388 PMid:40957263
65. Dağ AK, Köse A, Comlekcioglu U, Sirajuddin M, Köse M. New hydralazine-based Allyl derivatives: Crystal structures and in vitro/in silico DNA-binding studies. J Mol Struct. 2026;1368:146317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2026.146317
66. Gavisiddaiah M, Goswami SK, Somanna M, et al. Insights into the potential role of sEH inhibition in the prevention and progression of neurological disorders. Endocrine and Metabolic Science. 2025;19:100277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100277
67. Kaur N, Gupta S, Pal J, Bansal Y, Bansal G. Design of BBB permeable BACE-1 inhibitor as potential drug candidate for Alzheimer disease: 2D-QSAR, molecular docking, ADMET, molecular dynamics, MMGBSA. Comput Biol Chem. 2025;116:108371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2025.108371 PMid:39954613
68. Lumov N, Anichina K, Vuchev D, et al. Synthesis of 2-aryl substituted benzimidazoles as bifunctional agents combining antiparasitic activity with radical-scavenging properties against Trichinella infection. Curr Res Biotechnol. 2026;11:100383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbiot.2026.100383
69. Almansour AI, Arumugam N, Soliman SM, et al. Eco-friendly synthesis, structural elucidation, computational investigation and in vitro antioxidant activity of a new N-tosylated benzimidazole derivative. J Mol Struct. 2024;1296:136825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.136825
70. Adardour M, Drioua S, Ait Lahcen M, et al. Deciphering the cytotoxic and antioxidant potential of 3,5-disubstituted isoxazole-linked benzimidazolone derivatives. J Mol Struct. 2025;1320:139683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2024.139683
71. Donoso-Bustamante V, Osorio E, Arias-Santé MF, et al. Antioxidant activity of sinapic acid anilides: DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, electrochemical and theoretical analysis. LWT. 2025;222:117656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2025.117656
72. El-Saidy SA, El-Feki AS, El-Khodary GM, Hassan AAA, Elgendy DI, Gawaan YM. A potential therapeutic effect of sea cucumber Holothuria polii extract during the intestinal phase of experimental trichinellosis. Journal of Parasitic Diseases. 2025;49(1):224-241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-024-01737-4 PMid:39975624 PMCid:PMC11832982
73. Aljerf L, Maad AH, Rasool S, Alajlani M. Harnessing the antioxidant and cytoprotective power of Aitchisonia rosea: phytochemical insights and mechanistic validation. BMC Plant Biol. 2025;25(1):1116. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-07084-7 PMid:40846912 PMCid:PMC12372252
74. Zorlu A, Elmastaş M, Soy M, et al. Mentha genotypes as rich sources of eriocitrin and rosmarinic acid: phenolic profiling, antioxidant capacity, and implications for a sustainable bioeconomy. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization. 2026;20(4):5948-5963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-026-04044-z
75. Yapıcı İ, Gülçin İ. Evaluation of antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of shogaol and its modulatory effects on key metabolic enzymes. Discover Food. 2026;6(1):186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44187-026-00892-2
76. Wang J, Jiang B, Lin X, et al. Genistein ameliorates glucose-induced β-amyloid toxicity, oxidative stress, and aging in the C. elegans model of Alzheimer’s disease. Free Radic Biol Med. 2026;242:167-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2025.10.263 PMid:41130542
77. Nacer SN, Lanez E, Harkati D, et al. Synthesis, characterisation and antioxidant activity of novel ferrocenyl acetylaniline regioisomers: Electrochemical, spectrophotometric and computational study. J Organomet Chem. 2026;1057:124202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2026.124202
78. Suhag R, Ferrentino G, Morozova K, Zatelli D, Scampicchio M, Amorati R. Antioxidant efficiency and oxidizability of mayonnaise by oximetry and isothermal calorimetry. Food Chem. 2024;433:137274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137274 PMid:37666126
79. Zheng P, Liu J, Gao B, Yi J, Al-Farraj S, Sillanpää M. Active and molecular biological mechanisms of Escherichia coli death caused by CuCeOx: Synergy of ROS-mediated oxidative stress and cuproptosis-associated metabolic collapse. J Environ Chem Eng. 2025;13(6):120472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2025.120472
80. Mali S, Vatagude SD, Horitani M, Gurubasavaraj PM. Recent advances in Copper(II) Schiff base complexes: A comparative review of ligand core influence on biomedical applications. J Mol Struct. 2026;1360:145599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2026.145599
81. Patil SM, Nikalje P, Gavande N, Asgaonkar KD, Rathod V. An Insight into the Structure-activity Relationship of Benzimidazole and Pyrazole Derivatives as Anticancer Agents. Curr Top Med Chem. 2025;25(4):350-377. https://doi.org/10.2174/0115680266343336241021080438 PMid:39484762
82. Shi Y, Zhang W xian. Mechanochemistry in hazardous wastes treatment: A review. J Environ Chem Eng. 2025;13(4):117223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2025.117223
83. Tandel P, Makwana BB, Patel AB. Development of coumarin-benzimidazole conjugates via Pd/Cu-catalyzed coupling for mycobacterial inhibition supported by molecular docking, ADME prediction, and molecular dynamics simulations. Research on Chemical Intermediates. Published online August 10, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-026-06081-1
84. Zhang Y, Qin L, Li R, et al. A potential benzimidazole-derived compound, NSC348884, combats carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Biochem Pharmacol. 2026;249:117910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2026.117910 PMid:41861964
Published
Abstract Display: 0 
PDF Downloads: 0 PDF Downloads: 0 How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2026 Dharmendra Sahu, Rahul Dev , Ruchi Gupta , Niharika Sahu, Rupesh Sahu, Shiv Kumar Bhardwaj
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
How to Cite
.