Emerging Trends in Effervescent Granules: From Conventional Formulation to Novel Drug Delivery System: A Review
Abstract
Purpose: Widely used pharmaceutical dosages form are effervescent granules designed to improve bioavailability, drug dissolution and improve the patient compliance. This review provide a brief overview of modern formulation approaches and highlights the recent improvement in effervescent granules based delivery.
Effervescent granule a widely used pharmaceutical dosages form designed to improve bioavailability, drug dissolution and improve patient compliance. This review provide a comprehensive overview of conventional formulation approaches and highlights the recent advantages in effervescent granule based delivery system.
Methods: A comprehensive review of published literature, including research articles, review paper, and pharmaceutical text, was conducted. The collected data were analysed with respect of formulation principles, evaluation parameter, and recent technological advancement in effervescent systems.
Results: Effervescent granules work on the function of acid base reaction that generates carbon dioxide when it come in contact with the water result in rapid disintegration and enhanced drug dissolution. This system offers rapid onset of action, enhanced palatability and better patient compliance. Recent innovation include control-release formulation, gastro retentive floating system, nanotechnology-based approaches and 3D printing techniques, have substantially expanded pharmaceutical application and therapeutic prospect.
Conclusion: Effervescent granule portray a versatile and developing drug delivery system that bridges conventional formulation with modern pharmaceutical approach. Continuous advancement are expected to further improve their stability, efficacy and role in patient centric and personalized drug delivery system.
Keywords: Effervescent granules, drug delivery system, bioavailability, formulation, control release, emerging trends
Keywords:
Effervescent granules, drug delivery system, bioavailability, control releaseDOI
https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v16i7.7850References
1. Chatzidopavlaki P, Triantafyllopoulou E, Pippa N, Valsami G, Dallas PP. Recent advances in the technology of effervescent tablets: lessons learned and future perspectives. RSC Pharmaceutics. 2025;2:8-18. doi:10.1039/D4PM00229F. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4PM00229F
2. Dubray C, Maincent P, Milon JY. Effervescent paracetamol in pain management: a review. Curr Med Res Opin. 2023;39:1039-1048. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2021.1902297 PMid:33819115
3. Patel SG, et al. Effervescent drug delivery systems: a review. J Drug Deliv Ther. 2018;8(6):296-303. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i6.2021
4. Giusti A, Bianchi G, Barone A, Black DM. Novel effervescent formulation improves patient compliance in osteoporosis treatment. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2021;33:2529-2537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01777-9 PMid:33449337
5. Naseem F, Shah SU, Rashid SA, et al. Floating drug delivery systems: preparation and evaluation. Polymers. 2022;14(3):519. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14030519 PMid:35160508 PMCid:PMC8838680
6. Dong X, Zhang W, Wang X, et al. A novel preparation method for effervescent tablets using semi-solid extrusion 3D printing. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2022;23:193. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-022-02336-3 PMid:35821540
7. Shaukat A, et al. Herbal effervescent formulations: recent trends. Nat Prod Res. 2025;39:4737-4741. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2024.2348678 PMid:38712524
8. Rowe RC, Sheskey PJ, Quinn ME. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. 6th ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2012.
9. Gohel MC, et al. Effervescent dosage form development. Pharm Dev Technol. 2004;9(2):143-149. doi:10.1081/PDT-120038268.
10. Singh S, et al. Pharmaceutical effervescent systems: an overview. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2016;37(2):101-108.
11. Allen LV. Effervescent dosage forms in modern pharmaceutics. Pharm Tech. 2010;34(5):52-58.
12. Lachman L, Lieberman HA. The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1986.
13. Aulton ME, Taylor K. Aulton’s Pharmaceutics: The Design and Manufacture of Medicines. 5th ed. Elsevier; 2018.
14. Banker GS, Rhodes CT. Modern Pharmaceutics. 4th ed. CRC Press; 2002. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780824744694 PMCid: PMC6758410
15. Gohel MC, Jogani PD. Development of effervescent tablets: a review. Pharm Dev Technol. 2005;10(2):143-149.
16. Parikh DM. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology. 3rd ed. CRC Press; 2016. https://doi.org/10.3109/9781616310035
17. Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission. Indian Pharmacopoeia. Ghaziabad: IPC; 2022.
18. United States Pharmacopeia Convention. United States Pharmacopeia (USP 47-NF 42). Rockville: USP; 2024.
19. International Council for Harmonisation. ICH Q1A(R2): Stability testing of new drug substances and products; 2003.
20. Allen LV. Effervescent dosage forms. Int J Pharm Compd. 2020;24(1):12-19.
21. Zhang Y, et al. Effervescent systems in drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 2021;601:120543. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120543.
22. Khan MA, et al. Formulation of effervescent granules. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2020;21:145. doi:10.1208/s12249-020-01723-5.
23. Patel DM, et al. Effervescent drug delivery: a review. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2022;48(5):789-802.
24. Gupta A, et al. Effervescent formulations for pediatric use. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2021;162:105823. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105823 PMid:33781855
25. Singh S, et al. Advances in oral drug delivery systems. J Control Release. 2020;321:205-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.02.012 PMid:32035908
26. Sharma G, et al. Nutraceutical effervescent granules. J Food Sci Technol. 2021;58:3210-3220. doi:10.1007/s13197-020-04875-9.
27. Ahmed TA, et al. Stability challenges in effervescent systems. Pharm Dev Technol. 2023;28(2):150-160. doi:10.1080/10837450.2022.2145678.
28. Liu Y, et al. Effervescent floating drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm. 2022;617:121623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121623 PMid:35231547
29. Swarbrick J. Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology. 4th ed. CRC Press; 2019.
30. Dani DH, Naqvi SB, Akram M, et al. Pharmacokinetic profile of novel multi-layer stable effervescent tablet: a cross-over study. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2024;25:83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-024-00808-9 PMid:39501380 PMCid:PMC11536717
doi:10.1186/s40360-024-00808-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-024-00808-9 PMid:39501380 PMCid:PMC11536717
31. Huang J, Feng X, Zhang S, et al. Preparation and characterization of astaxanthin-loaded microcapsules and its application in effervescent tablets. J Sci Food Agric. 2023;103(3):1421-1431. . https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.12237 PMid:36156800
32. Ahmad S, Khan JA, Kausar TN, et al. Preparation and evaluation of silymarin effervescent floating matrix tablets. Molecules. 2023;28(6):2606. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062606 PMid:36985575 PMCid:PMC10054735
33. Taymouri S, Mostafavi A, Mahmoodi H. Formulation and optimization of taste-masked effervescent tablets. Iran J Pharm Sci. 2021;17. .
34. Partama TI, Kristiani NKA, Priastari A, Prasetia GNJA. Formulation of herbal effervescent tablets from papaya leaf extract. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2022;12(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.24843/JPSA.2022.v04.i01.p01
35. Savant PB, Qureshi MA, Kshirsagar N, et al. Preparation and evaluation of diclofenac sodium effervescent tablets. Res J Pharm Technol. 2021;14(2):805-810.
36. Aklima A, Baral PK, Amin MT, et al. Formulation and optimization of glipizide effervescent tablets. Mod Health Sci. 2020;3(2):14-20. https://doi.org/10.30560/mhs.v3n2p14
37. Mishra B, Mohanty B, Barik CS. Development of cefpodoxime proxetil effervescent tablets. Res J Pharm Technol. 2019;12(6):2695-2700.https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00450.5
38. Butar-Butar MET, Roni A, Pahlevi MR, et al. Recent advances in herbal effervescent formulations: challenges and opportunities. Sciences of Pharmacy. 2025;4(1):40-50. https://doi.org/10.58920/sciphar0401311
39. Martinez Y, Ausina V, Llena C, Montiel JM. Scientific evidence on effervescent systems: a systematic review. J Prosthet Dent. 2024;131(6):1071-1083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.01.031 PMid:36870893
Published
Abstract Display: 0 
PDF Downloads: 0 PDF Downloads: 0 How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2026 Nidhi Tiwari, Abhijeet Ojha, Arun Kumar Singh
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
How to Cite
.