Analytical Methods in Standardization of Bhasmas: A Review
Abstract
Ayurveda the ancient science well known for its potential therapeutic effects with unique metallic, herbal juices/fruits in the treatment of chronic ailments. A well- known ayurvedic potent preparation, Bhasma is also known as ash which is a metallic base prepared by sophisticated pharmaceutical processes also plays a major role in acute, sub-acute, and chronic diseases. In order to determine its quality and purity to make sure the acceptability, the safety of the formulation standardization is very necessary. In this short review, an attempt has been made to present ancient methods to standardize physical characterstics like Verna, Nisvadutam, Nishchandratvam, Varitara, Unama, Rekhapurmatvam, Slakshmatvam..etc.,and chemical characterstics of bhasmas like Apurnabhavta, Niruttha, Amla Pariksha with advanced methods like SEM, TEM, and NPST, along with other natural and ancient analytical techniques.
Keywords: Bhasmas, Standardization, Analytical methods, SEM, TEM.
Keywords:
Bhasmas, Standardization, Analytical methods, SEM, TEM
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References
1. Jie Liu, Feng Zhang, Velagapudi Ravikanth, Olumayokun A. Olajide, Cen li, and Li-Xin Wei. Chemical Compositions of Metals in Bhasmas and Tibetan Zuotai are a Major Determinant of Their Therapeutic Effects and Toxicity. Evidence-based complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2019; 4:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1697804
2. Sanjoy Kumar Pal. The Ayurvedic Bhasma: The Ancient Science of Nanomedicine. Recent Patents on Nanomedicine, 2015; 5(1). https://doi.org/10.2174/1877912305666150417233945
3. Singh RK, Kumar S, Aman AK, Karim SM, Kumar S, Manoranjan Kar. Study on physical properties of Ayurvedic nanocrystalline Tamra Bhasma by employing modern scientific tools. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 2019; 10(2):88-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.06.012
4. Pal D, Sahu CK, Haldar A, Bhasma: The ancient Indian nanomedicine. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology and Research, 2014; 5:4-12. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.126980
5. Thakur RS, Gupta LN, Kumar N. Standard manufacturing procedure of Teekshna Lauha Bhasma. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 2016; 7:100e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2015.08.003
6. Manikantan N. Ayurveda simplified body-mind matrix. Sri Sri Publication Trust; 2012.
7. Vadhere GP, Pathan AR, Singhai AK. Characterization of indigenous Traditional medicine Muktashukti Bhasma. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 2013; 12(3):483-488.
8. Tripathi YB, Singh VP, Sharma GMK, Sinha RK, Singh D. X-rays diffraction and microscopic analysis of tamra bhasma: An Ayurvedic metallic preparation. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 2003; 2:107-117.
9. Wadekar MP, Patel RK, Preparation and characterization of a copper based Indian traditional drug: Tamra bhasma, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2005; 39:951-955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2005.06.015
10. Rasheed A, Naik M, Pillanayil K, Haneefa M, Pillai R, Kumar A, Azeem AK. Formulation, Characterization and comparative evaluation of Trivanga bhasma: A herbo-mineral Indian traditional medicine. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2014; 27(4):793-800.
11. Tripathi YB, Singh VP, Role of Tamra bhasma, an Ayurvedic preparation, in the management of lipid peroxidation in liver of albino rats, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 1996; 34:66-70.
12. Conde J, Dias JT, Grazú V, Moros M, Baptista PV, de la Fuente JM. Revisiting 30 years of biofunctionalization and surface chemistry of inorganic nanoparticles for nanomedicine. Frontiers in Chemistry, 2014; 2:48. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2014.00048
13. Ouvinha de Oliveira R, de Santa Maria LC, Barratt G. Nanomedicine and its applications to the treatment of prostate cancer. Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises-journal-Elsevier 2014; 72 (5):303-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharma.2014.04.006
14. Benet. L, Chi.Y.W, Screening method for the identification of bioenhancers through the inhibition of p-glycoprotein transport in the gut of a mammal. Patent US 5567592A, 1994.
15. Atal N, Bedi K, Bioenhancers: revolutionary concept to market, Journal of Ayurveda Integrative Medicine, 2010; 1-96. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.65073
16. Kesarwani. K, Gupta. R, Bioavailability enhancers of herbal origin: an overview, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2013; 3(4):253-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60060-X
17. Berra. J.L, Molho. R. Ayurveda in Argentina and other Latin American countries. Journal of Ayurveda Integrative Medicine, 2010; 1(3):223-224. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.72614
18. Upadhyay. D, Ayurveda takes firm roots in Russia. Russia and India report May 23. Available from, 2013.
19. Singh SK, Gautam DN, Kumar M, Rai SB. Synthesis, characterization and histopathological study of lead based Indian traditional drug: Naga bhasma. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 2010; 72(1):24e30. https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.62232
20. Sagar Bhanu PS, Zafar R, Panwar R, Herbal drug standardization, The Indian Pharmacist, 2005; 4(35):19-22.
21. Vakte M, Pawar S, Pande V. Standardization of Ancient Nanomedicine: Bhasma, Researchgate, 2015.
22. Mishra A, Mishra AK, Tiwari OP, Jha S. In-house preparation and characterization of an Ayurvedic bhasma: Praval bhasma. Journal of Ayurveda Integrative Medicine, 2014; 12:52-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-4964(14)60005-4
23. Pal D, Sahu CK, Haldar A. Bhasma: the ancient Indian nanomedicine. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology and Research. 2014; 5(1):4e12. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.126980
24. Chaudhari YC, Nariya MB, Galib R, Prajapati PK. Acute and sub chronic toxicity study of Tamra Bhasma (incinerated copper) prepared with and without amritikarana. Journal of Ayurveda Integrative Medicine, 2016; 7:23e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2015.11.001
25. Khedekar SB, Patgiri B, Prajapati PK. Pharmaceutical Standardization of Swarna Bhasma (Incinerated Gold) by Adopting Traditional Method. Annals Ayurvedic Medicine, 2015; 4(3-4):83-94.
26. Chaudhary A. Ayurvedic bhasma: nanomedicine of ancient India its global contemporary prospective. Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology, 2011; 7(2):68e9. https://doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2011.1205
27. Kale B, Rajurkar N, Synthesis and characterization of Vanga bhasma. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative medicine, 2019; 10(2):111-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.05.003
28. Utikar. M.C, Pentewar. R.S, Thonte. S.S, , Bhosale. P.H and Narhare. M.T. Standardization, Formulation Development and Characterization of Antiulcer Drug: Mukta Bhasma. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2019; 11(1):183-191.
29. Rajput DS, Gokarn RA, Shukla VJ, Patgiri BJ. Pharmaceutical Standardization of Naga Bhasma (Incinerated Lead) Prepared By Using Herbal Media. Ayurpharma- International Journal of Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, 2013; 2(7):212- 223. https://doi.org/10.4103/2278-344X.126691
30. Pareek A, Bhatnagar N. Revisiting Ancient Therapeutic Potential of Ayurvedic Bhasma. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2018; 5: 3150- 3165.
31. Kumar A, Nair A G C, Reddy A V R & Garg A N, Unique ayurvedic metallic-herbal preparations- chemical characterization, Biol Trace Element Res, 2007; 109: 231-254. https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:109:3:231
32. Bondar SS, Wododkar. D.S, Gupta. S.L. A Critical Review on Standardization of Bhasma: Ayurvedic and Modern View. World journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019; 8(4):261-274.
33. Prakash VB, Prakash S, Sharma R, Pal SK. Sustainable effect of Ayurvedic formulations in the treatment of nutritional anaemia in adolescent students. J Altern Complement Med 2010; 16 (2):205- 211. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2008.0573
34. Panda G, Mohapatra KB. Clinical effect of Kukkutanda Twak Bhasma in the management of Swetapradara. AYU 2011; 32 (3):370-374. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.93917
35. Das S, Das MC, Paul R. Swarna Bhasma in cancer: A prospective clinical study. AYU 2012; 33:365-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.108823
36. Pal SK. A review on an Ayurvedic approach for cancer treatment developed by Vaidya Balendu Prakash. IJIMS 2014; 1 (6):1-11.
37. Prakash VB, Parikh PV, Pal SK. Herbo-mineral Ayurvedic treatment in a high risk acute promyelocytic leukemia patient with second relapse: 12 years follow up. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2010; 1(3):215-8. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.72618
38. Sarkar. P.K, Das. S, and Prajapati P.K, "Ancient concept of metal pharmacology based on Ayurvedic literature," Ancient Science of Life, 2010; 29(4): 1.
39. Rajput. D, Patgiri. D, Galib. R, and Prajapati. P. Anti-diabetic formulations of Naga bhasma (lead calx): A brief review. Ancient Science of Life, 2013; 33(1):52. https://doi.org/10.4103/0257-7941.134609
40. Tubaki. B, Benni. J, Rao. N, and Prasad. U.R. Efect of Ayurveda Medications (Kasısa Bhasma and Dhatri Avaleha) on Iron Defciency Anaemia: A Randomized Controlled Study. Ancient Science of Life, 2016; 36(1):48. https://doi.org/10.4103/0257-7941.195406
41. Sharma. R, Bhatt. A, and Takur. M, Physicochemical characterization and antibacterial activity of Rajata Bhasma and silver nanoparticle. AYU, 2016; 37(1):71. https://doi.org/10.4103/ayu.AYU_167_15
42. Varma S.R, Shamsia. S, Tiyagarajan. O.S, Vidyashankar. S, and Patki. P.S, Yashada bhasma (Zinc calx) and Tankana (Borax) inhibit Propionibacterium acne and suppresses acne induced infammation in vitro.International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2014; 36(4):361-368. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12134
43. Singh. R K, Kuma. S, Aman. A K, Karim. M.S, Kumar. S, and Kar. M. Study on physical properties of Ayurvedic nanocrystalline Tamra Bhasma by employing modern scientifc tools. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.06.012
44. Uttara J, Vandana M. Standardization and evaluation of safety of herbo-mineral formulation Articulin® forte tablets. Res Pharmacy 2012; 2 (1):14-17.
45. Joshi U, Mhasakar V. Standardization and evaluation of safety of herbomineral formulation Articulin® forte tablets. Res Pharmacy 2012; 2 (1):14-17.
46. Shrikumar S, Maheshwari U, Sughanti A, Ravi TK. WHO guidelines for herbal drug standardization, 2006.
47. Shinde. Application of Quality Control Principles to Herbal Drugs. International Journal of Phytomedicine, 2009; 1:4-8. https://doi.org/10.5138/ijpm.2009.0975.0185.05786
48. Mahajan M, Khurana RK, Singh H, et al. An overview of current applications of nanotechnology in biomedical research: A patent Survey. Recent Pat Nanomed 2014; 4: 46-56. https://doi.org/10.2174/1877912304666140722181100
49. Arun Sudha. Standardization of Metal-Based Herbal Medicines. American Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2009; 5(3): 193-199. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajidsp.2009.193.199
50. Prashanta Kumar Sarkar, Anand Kumar Chaudhary. Ayurvedic Bhasma: The most ancient application of nanomedicine. J Sci Ind Res, 2010; 69: 901-905.
51. Senthil Kumar. C, moorti. C, Prabu PC, Benoto Jonson B, Venkatnarayan R. Standardization of anti-arthritic herbo-mineral preparation. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2011; 2(3):679.
52. Arun Rasheed, Anvesh Marri, Madhu Naik. M. Standardization of Bhasma-importance and prospects. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2011; 4(6):1931-1933.
53. Jadhao Ujwala Ashokrao, Ingole Rajesh Kundlikrao. Standardization of saptamruta loha. Int Res J Pharm, 2014; 5(10):773-777. https://doi.org/10.7897/2230-8407.0510157
54. Sharma. B K. Instrumental methods of chemical analysis. Ed 21st. Goel Publishing House; Meerut, 2002; pp. 252-356.
55. Durga Bhavani M, Mahesh Raju, Sridurga. CH, Venkata Subbaiah K. Analytical Standardization of Rajita Bhasma. International Journal of Research in AYUSH and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2018; 2(3):229-238.
56. Douglas A Skoog, Stanley R Crouch, F James Holler. Principles of Instrumental analysis. Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 2007; pp. 668-674.
57. Gurdeep R Chatwal, Sham K Anand. Instrumental methods of chemical analysis (analytical chemistry) Himalaya publishing house, Delhi, 2007; pp. 2.702-2.720.
58. Sharma. Y R. Organic Spectroscopy, principles and chemical applications. S Chand and company ltd. New Delhi, 2007; pp. 68-154.
59. Sirisha Mukkavalli, Vijay Chalivendrab, Bal Ram Singh.Physico-chemical analysis of herbally prepared silver nanoparticles and its potential as a drug bioenhancer. OpenNano, 2017; 2:19-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onano.2017.01.001
60. Rajendraprasad M L, Shruti Shekhar, Subramanya A R. Pharmaceutical and analytical study on loha bhasma. Int J Ayurvedic Medicine, 2010; 1(1): 47-59. https://doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v1i1.3
2. Sanjoy Kumar Pal. The Ayurvedic Bhasma: The Ancient Science of Nanomedicine. Recent Patents on Nanomedicine, 2015; 5(1). https://doi.org/10.2174/1877912305666150417233945
3. Singh RK, Kumar S, Aman AK, Karim SM, Kumar S, Manoranjan Kar. Study on physical properties of Ayurvedic nanocrystalline Tamra Bhasma by employing modern scientific tools. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 2019; 10(2):88-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.06.012
4. Pal D, Sahu CK, Haldar A, Bhasma: The ancient Indian nanomedicine. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology and Research, 2014; 5:4-12. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.126980
5. Thakur RS, Gupta LN, Kumar N. Standard manufacturing procedure of Teekshna Lauha Bhasma. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 2016; 7:100e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2015.08.003
6. Manikantan N. Ayurveda simplified body-mind matrix. Sri Sri Publication Trust; 2012.
7. Vadhere GP, Pathan AR, Singhai AK. Characterization of indigenous Traditional medicine Muktashukti Bhasma. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 2013; 12(3):483-488.
8. Tripathi YB, Singh VP, Sharma GMK, Sinha RK, Singh D. X-rays diffraction and microscopic analysis of tamra bhasma: An Ayurvedic metallic preparation. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 2003; 2:107-117.
9. Wadekar MP, Patel RK, Preparation and characterization of a copper based Indian traditional drug: Tamra bhasma, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2005; 39:951-955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2005.06.015
10. Rasheed A, Naik M, Pillanayil K, Haneefa M, Pillai R, Kumar A, Azeem AK. Formulation, Characterization and comparative evaluation of Trivanga bhasma: A herbo-mineral Indian traditional medicine. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2014; 27(4):793-800.
11. Tripathi YB, Singh VP, Role of Tamra bhasma, an Ayurvedic preparation, in the management of lipid peroxidation in liver of albino rats, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 1996; 34:66-70.
12. Conde J, Dias JT, Grazú V, Moros M, Baptista PV, de la Fuente JM. Revisiting 30 years of biofunctionalization and surface chemistry of inorganic nanoparticles for nanomedicine. Frontiers in Chemistry, 2014; 2:48. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2014.00048
13. Ouvinha de Oliveira R, de Santa Maria LC, Barratt G. Nanomedicine and its applications to the treatment of prostate cancer. Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises-journal-Elsevier 2014; 72 (5):303-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharma.2014.04.006
14. Benet. L, Chi.Y.W, Screening method for the identification of bioenhancers through the inhibition of p-glycoprotein transport in the gut of a mammal. Patent US 5567592A, 1994.
15. Atal N, Bedi K, Bioenhancers: revolutionary concept to market, Journal of Ayurveda Integrative Medicine, 2010; 1-96. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.65073
16. Kesarwani. K, Gupta. R, Bioavailability enhancers of herbal origin: an overview, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2013; 3(4):253-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60060-X
17. Berra. J.L, Molho. R. Ayurveda in Argentina and other Latin American countries. Journal of Ayurveda Integrative Medicine, 2010; 1(3):223-224. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.72614
18. Upadhyay. D, Ayurveda takes firm roots in Russia. Russia and India report May 23. Available from, 2013.
19. Singh SK, Gautam DN, Kumar M, Rai SB. Synthesis, characterization and histopathological study of lead based Indian traditional drug: Naga bhasma. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 2010; 72(1):24e30. https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.62232
20. Sagar Bhanu PS, Zafar R, Panwar R, Herbal drug standardization, The Indian Pharmacist, 2005; 4(35):19-22.
21. Vakte M, Pawar S, Pande V. Standardization of Ancient Nanomedicine: Bhasma, Researchgate, 2015.
22. Mishra A, Mishra AK, Tiwari OP, Jha S. In-house preparation and characterization of an Ayurvedic bhasma: Praval bhasma. Journal of Ayurveda Integrative Medicine, 2014; 12:52-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-4964(14)60005-4
23. Pal D, Sahu CK, Haldar A. Bhasma: the ancient Indian nanomedicine. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology and Research. 2014; 5(1):4e12. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.126980
24. Chaudhari YC, Nariya MB, Galib R, Prajapati PK. Acute and sub chronic toxicity study of Tamra Bhasma (incinerated copper) prepared with and without amritikarana. Journal of Ayurveda Integrative Medicine, 2016; 7:23e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2015.11.001
25. Khedekar SB, Patgiri B, Prajapati PK. Pharmaceutical Standardization of Swarna Bhasma (Incinerated Gold) by Adopting Traditional Method. Annals Ayurvedic Medicine, 2015; 4(3-4):83-94.
26. Chaudhary A. Ayurvedic bhasma: nanomedicine of ancient India its global contemporary prospective. Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology, 2011; 7(2):68e9. https://doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2011.1205
27. Kale B, Rajurkar N, Synthesis and characterization of Vanga bhasma. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative medicine, 2019; 10(2):111-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.05.003
28. Utikar. M.C, Pentewar. R.S, Thonte. S.S, , Bhosale. P.H and Narhare. M.T. Standardization, Formulation Development and Characterization of Antiulcer Drug: Mukta Bhasma. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2019; 11(1):183-191.
29. Rajput DS, Gokarn RA, Shukla VJ, Patgiri BJ. Pharmaceutical Standardization of Naga Bhasma (Incinerated Lead) Prepared By Using Herbal Media. Ayurpharma- International Journal of Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, 2013; 2(7):212- 223. https://doi.org/10.4103/2278-344X.126691
30. Pareek A, Bhatnagar N. Revisiting Ancient Therapeutic Potential of Ayurvedic Bhasma. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2018; 5: 3150- 3165.
31. Kumar A, Nair A G C, Reddy A V R & Garg A N, Unique ayurvedic metallic-herbal preparations- chemical characterization, Biol Trace Element Res, 2007; 109: 231-254. https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:109:3:231
32. Bondar SS, Wododkar. D.S, Gupta. S.L. A Critical Review on Standardization of Bhasma: Ayurvedic and Modern View. World journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019; 8(4):261-274.
33. Prakash VB, Prakash S, Sharma R, Pal SK. Sustainable effect of Ayurvedic formulations in the treatment of nutritional anaemia in adolescent students. J Altern Complement Med 2010; 16 (2):205- 211. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2008.0573
34. Panda G, Mohapatra KB. Clinical effect of Kukkutanda Twak Bhasma in the management of Swetapradara. AYU 2011; 32 (3):370-374. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.93917
35. Das S, Das MC, Paul R. Swarna Bhasma in cancer: A prospective clinical study. AYU 2012; 33:365-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.108823
36. Pal SK. A review on an Ayurvedic approach for cancer treatment developed by Vaidya Balendu Prakash. IJIMS 2014; 1 (6):1-11.
37. Prakash VB, Parikh PV, Pal SK. Herbo-mineral Ayurvedic treatment in a high risk acute promyelocytic leukemia patient with second relapse: 12 years follow up. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2010; 1(3):215-8. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.72618
38. Sarkar. P.K, Das. S, and Prajapati P.K, "Ancient concept of metal pharmacology based on Ayurvedic literature," Ancient Science of Life, 2010; 29(4): 1.
39. Rajput. D, Patgiri. D, Galib. R, and Prajapati. P. Anti-diabetic formulations of Naga bhasma (lead calx): A brief review. Ancient Science of Life, 2013; 33(1):52. https://doi.org/10.4103/0257-7941.134609
40. Tubaki. B, Benni. J, Rao. N, and Prasad. U.R. Efect of Ayurveda Medications (Kasısa Bhasma and Dhatri Avaleha) on Iron Defciency Anaemia: A Randomized Controlled Study. Ancient Science of Life, 2016; 36(1):48. https://doi.org/10.4103/0257-7941.195406
41. Sharma. R, Bhatt. A, and Takur. M, Physicochemical characterization and antibacterial activity of Rajata Bhasma and silver nanoparticle. AYU, 2016; 37(1):71. https://doi.org/10.4103/ayu.AYU_167_15
42. Varma S.R, Shamsia. S, Tiyagarajan. O.S, Vidyashankar. S, and Patki. P.S, Yashada bhasma (Zinc calx) and Tankana (Borax) inhibit Propionibacterium acne and suppresses acne induced infammation in vitro.International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2014; 36(4):361-368. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12134
43. Singh. R K, Kuma. S, Aman. A K, Karim. M.S, Kumar. S, and Kar. M. Study on physical properties of Ayurvedic nanocrystalline Tamra Bhasma by employing modern scientifc tools. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.06.012
44. Uttara J, Vandana M. Standardization and evaluation of safety of herbo-mineral formulation Articulin® forte tablets. Res Pharmacy 2012; 2 (1):14-17.
45. Joshi U, Mhasakar V. Standardization and evaluation of safety of herbomineral formulation Articulin® forte tablets. Res Pharmacy 2012; 2 (1):14-17.
46. Shrikumar S, Maheshwari U, Sughanti A, Ravi TK. WHO guidelines for herbal drug standardization, 2006.
47. Shinde. Application of Quality Control Principles to Herbal Drugs. International Journal of Phytomedicine, 2009; 1:4-8. https://doi.org/10.5138/ijpm.2009.0975.0185.05786
48. Mahajan M, Khurana RK, Singh H, et al. An overview of current applications of nanotechnology in biomedical research: A patent Survey. Recent Pat Nanomed 2014; 4: 46-56. https://doi.org/10.2174/1877912304666140722181100
49. Arun Sudha. Standardization of Metal-Based Herbal Medicines. American Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2009; 5(3): 193-199. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajidsp.2009.193.199
50. Prashanta Kumar Sarkar, Anand Kumar Chaudhary. Ayurvedic Bhasma: The most ancient application of nanomedicine. J Sci Ind Res, 2010; 69: 901-905.
51. Senthil Kumar. C, moorti. C, Prabu PC, Benoto Jonson B, Venkatnarayan R. Standardization of anti-arthritic herbo-mineral preparation. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2011; 2(3):679.
52. Arun Rasheed, Anvesh Marri, Madhu Naik. M. Standardization of Bhasma-importance and prospects. Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2011; 4(6):1931-1933.
53. Jadhao Ujwala Ashokrao, Ingole Rajesh Kundlikrao. Standardization of saptamruta loha. Int Res J Pharm, 2014; 5(10):773-777. https://doi.org/10.7897/2230-8407.0510157
54. Sharma. B K. Instrumental methods of chemical analysis. Ed 21st. Goel Publishing House; Meerut, 2002; pp. 252-356.
55. Durga Bhavani M, Mahesh Raju, Sridurga. CH, Venkata Subbaiah K. Analytical Standardization of Rajita Bhasma. International Journal of Research in AYUSH and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2018; 2(3):229-238.
56. Douglas A Skoog, Stanley R Crouch, F James Holler. Principles of Instrumental analysis. Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 2007; pp. 668-674.
57. Gurdeep R Chatwal, Sham K Anand. Instrumental methods of chemical analysis (analytical chemistry) Himalaya publishing house, Delhi, 2007; pp. 2.702-2.720.
58. Sharma. Y R. Organic Spectroscopy, principles and chemical applications. S Chand and company ltd. New Delhi, 2007; pp. 68-154.
59. Sirisha Mukkavalli, Vijay Chalivendrab, Bal Ram Singh.Physico-chemical analysis of herbally prepared silver nanoparticles and its potential as a drug bioenhancer. OpenNano, 2017; 2:19-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onano.2017.01.001
60. Rajendraprasad M L, Shruti Shekhar, Subramanya A R. Pharmaceutical and analytical study on loha bhasma. Int J Ayurvedic Medicine, 2010; 1(1): 47-59. https://doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v1i1.3
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P G D, P. NY, S. G, K.S. N. Analytical Methods in Standardization of Bhasmas: A Review. JDDT [Internet]. 15Sep.2021 [cited 30Apr.2024];11(5):183-92. Available from: https://www.jddtonline.info/index.php/jddt/article/view/4960
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