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Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

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Open Access   Full Text Article                                                                                        Research Article

Unveiling the Mode of Action of Dravya Vikalpa

Dr. Sowbhagya Chanaveerappa Kumbar ¹*_, Dr. Sri. Nagesh K.A_. ²

¹ Final Year P.G. Scholar, Dept of Ayurveda Samhita and Siddhanta, Sri Sri College of Ayurvedic Science and Research, Bengaluru

² Professor and HOD, Dept of Ayurveda Samhita and Siddhanta, Sri Sri College of Ayurvedic Science and Research, Bengaluru

 

 

INTRODUCTION

Ayurvedic treatment has several classifications, one among them is shodhana-shamana. Medicines for shodhana can be administered both as a single drug and in a combination form. The explanation regarding formulations has been dealt in Ayurvedic classics. Though single drugs have been indicated in various disorders, they may not be able to target every stage of disease pathogenesis and therefore fail to produce the desired effect. Drug permutations and combinations can therefore work effectively and focus on all stages of disease. The primary concern is target-orientation because it is essential to any treatment's success. The combination of drugs with its kalpanaavishesha have a better effect on all the factors, as the kalpanas have their own distinctive karma. Understanding a specific combination and its kalpana helps one understand how medicines are targeted at disease pathogenesis. In the Charaka Samhita Chikitsasthana, shodhana yogas are briefly described for specific ailments, however in the Kalpasthana, dravyavikalpa are extensively explained for shodhana.

Vamaka dravyas, viz., madana phala, ikswaku, dhamargava, kutaja and kritavedhana Virecana dravyas viz., syama, trivrit, caturangula, tilvaka, mahavruksa, saptala, sankhini, danti and dravanti are of different types depending upon the desha, kala, sambhava, asvada, rasa, virya, vipaka and prabhava. Patients for whom these drugs are to be used, are also different, with respect to deha, doshas, prakriti, vaya, bala, agni, bhakti, satmya, rogavastha, etc. and vikalpa become innumerable. Individual description of combinations with different permutations and combinations are impossible. Therefore, by way of illustration, Acharya Charaka has explained 600 combinations. Though these are helpful for shodhana, physicians may face certain difficulties like lack of availability of drugs, low quality of drugs or loss of potency of drug due to inappropriate preservation methods. To overcome these, physician can prepare formulations based on his yuktii, after considering all the factors. But it is difficult to understand the choice of dravyavikalpa as specific description on mode and site of action of yogas are not mentioned directly. Hence, there is a need for the proper understanding of the mode and site of action of dravyavikalpa. To illustrate the same, Dravyavikalpa for panduroga mentioned in Charaka Samhita Kalpasthana has been taken as an example. In this study an effort will be made to analyze mode and site of action of Dravyavikalpa mentioned in Charaka Samhita Kalpasthana.

Aim: To evaluate mode of action of dravyavikalpa for Panduroga mentioned in Charaka Samhita Kalpasthana.

Objective: To assess the general and specific mode and site of action of dravyavikalpa of panduroga mentioned in Charaka Samhita Kalpa Sthana.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Data is collected from Ayurvedic texts and commentaries on Brihatrayee and Data is analyzed and interpreted.

Review of Literature:

DRAVYA VIKALPA-

Dravyavikalpa consists of two words dravya and vikalpa. Dravya is derived by dru+gatau which means gamana¹. Vikalpa is derived by vi +krup +gha+Yn which means combination². Vi has different meanings like vishesha, visishta etc. and Kalpa has meanings like Vidhi, krama etc³. Dravyavikalpa means a combination of dravyas.

Dravya vikalpa is termed as prayoga of Dravya ⁴.

Vamaka dravyas, viz., madana phala, ikswaku, dhamargava, kutaja, kritavedhana and Virecana dravyas viz., syama, trivrit, caturangula, tilvaka, mahavruksa, saptala, sankhini, danti and dravanti are of different types depending upon the desa, kala, sambhava, asvada, rasa, virya, vipaka and prabhava. Patients for whom these drugs are to be used are also different types depending upon deha, doshas, prakriti, vaya, bala, agni, bhakti, satmya, rogavastha, etc. The vikalpa become innumerable in types based on these factors. Individual description of combinations with different permutations and combinations is impossible. Therefore, by way of illustration, Acharya Charaka has explained 600 combinations⁵.

Rasapanchaka of Trivrt ⁶

Rasa                             Kashaya madura

Guna                            ruksha

Veerya                         Ushna

Vipaka                        Katu

Karma                        Rechana

Doshaghnata          Kapha pittahara

KALYANAKA GUDA ⁷

Method of preparation –One karsha of each of vidanga, pippalimula, haritaki, vibhitaki, amalaka, dhanyaka, citraka, marica, indra-yava, ajaji, pippali, hasti-pippali (gaja-pippali), saindhava lavana, Samudra lavana, vid lavana, sauvarcala lavana, audbhida lavana and ajamoda should be made into powders separately and mixed. To this powder, eight palas each of tila taila and powder of trivrit should be added. By adding three prasthas of the juice of amalaki and half tula of jaggery, it should be cooked over mild fire. From this paste, pills of size of badara or udumbara should be made. There is no restriction of food and regimen for this medicine. Intake of Kalyanaka Guda cures mandagni, jwara, murccha, mutra-krcchra, arocaka, asvapna, gatra-sula, kasa, shwasa, bhrama, ksaya, kushta, arshas, kamala, meha, gulma, udara, bhagandara, grahani and pandu roga.

GUDA KALPANA VISHESHA (JAGGERY PREPARATION):   

Guda kalpas are the preparations with more quantity of jaggery guda kalpas.

General method of preparation- 

A kashaya must be prepared with kwatha dravyas. To the prepared and filtered Kashaya specified quantity (3 or 5 parts) of guda should be added and a thick paka of 3-4 thread consistency is prepared. Fine powder of prakshepaka dravyas should be added to this paka, mixed well, and stored in a dry, air tight glass container after complete cooling⁸.

Purana guda (old jaggery)- hridya, pathya- swastha hitah

Nava guda (recently prepared jaggery)- produces shleshmaagni sadana,⁹ Brihmana¹⁰

Rasapanchaka of Guda (jaggery) Kalpana Vishesha ¹¹

Guna-                          guru

Doshaghnata         Anilanashana, kaphavardhana, pittahara

Karma-                                           Shukrala, Krimijanana, majjavardhana, raktavardhana, meda vardhana, mamsa vardhana

MODE OF ACTION OF KALPANA VISHESHA ¹²

Along with madana phaladi dominant dravyas suradi kalpanas are used. Suradi kalpanas enhances the action of the yoga. The action of suradi Kalpana along with yoga is compared to people following king. By this we can understand that the Kalpana vishesha is not acting individually in a yoga but it is combining with yoga and helping in its action. They are non-dominant in yoga. These dravyas are not viruddha to the guna of pradhana dravya. They do the anuvartana of pradhana dravyas.

• In Yoga both tulya and viruddha veerya suradi kalpanas are used. Tulya veerya enhances the action of the yoga. Viruddha veerya is abadhaka to dominant dravya i.e., though being viruddha to the guna of dominant Dravya, it does not affect the action of dominant Dravya¹³
• Here veerya can be considered as bala, Prabhava, shakti, swakarmani swabhava, guna of the Kalpana vishesha. 
• Tulya Veerya dravyas when combined with dominant dravya, they enhance the action of that yoga i.e bala of yoga is increased in terms of action of that yoga. For example: madanaphala pippali churna along with kritavedhana kwatha, vamaka action is increased. Gunas of madanaphala pippali churna and kritavedhana kwatha are tulya in nature. Hence there is increase in vamaka action of the yoga.
• Combination of these drugs having opposite virya i.e bala or guna should not affect the effects of the principal ingredient.

Example: Danti is of ugra guna but when mamsa rasa adi dravya is used along with danti, ugrata of danti decreases. Ela is Hridya and when it is used along with vamaka dravya, vamaka Prabhava decreases.

Samyoga-

A combination of yoga with Kalpana vishesha is made only by mixing drugs with any suitable Kalpana vishesha.

Doshanusara Sahapana¹⁵:

Doshanusara sahapana - It can be applied to understand the samyoga of Kalpana vishesha and kalpa. This helps in understanding the choice of Kalpana vishesha based on dosha vikruti.

Table 1: Tabular Representation of Kalpana vishesha Based on Dosha of Vikruti

 

Samskara

Certain Kalpana Vishesha is combined with the help of different samskaras. The bala of dominant drug increases when Churna of Vamaka and Virechaka dravyas is given bhavana with swarasa of the same dravya and administered for shodhana. Here we can observe guna vriddhi of dominant drug, hence less quantity of medicine can be sufficient for the administration of shodhana^.16.

SAMANYA SAMPRAPTI OF PANDU ROGA¹⁷

Tridoshas gets aggravated with predominance of pitta dosha and do the vitiation of dhatus causing dhatu shaithilya and gouravata. Here, bahuvachana rupa is used to refer all three doshas i.e; vata, pitta and kapha involvement. Pitta gets aggravated predominantly along with vata and kapha doshas. The person experiences loss of varna, bala, Sneha and excessive diminution of other ojo gunas. Oja guna refers to rakta dhatu rupa oja guna or the ten gunas which are like ksheera gunas. Oja kshaya itself indicates snehakshaya but Snehakshaya resfers to specific mitigation of Sneha.  In pandu rogi doshas do intense vitiation of dhatus causing nihsara of all dhatus i.e, the person becomes devoid of ashta sara lakshanas.

 Due to dhatu kshaya, rakta, meda and oja in the person reduces. It produces shithilendria and causes vikruti of varna. Shithilata and durbalata of indriyas is seen. Due to excess mitigation of other gunas of ojas like Madhura rasa, laja samana gandha etc. pandu rogi becomes alpa raktavan causing pandu varna. In pandu rogi dhatus become nihsara hence the person loses the ability to do work and become gourava. Here gourava refers to person becoming immobile and having jadyata in body. 

Rakta and pitta are of same source as they are formed from teja. aggravation of pitta should lead to aggravation of rakta but in pandu roga though there is aggravation of pitta, mitigation of rakta happens. This is because rakta poshaka rasa bhaga is not produced causing rakta kshaya. Pitta being tejo rupa is said to be varnotpadaka. Here due to vikrita avastha of pitta, vikruti of varna is observed. 

The hridayashrita pitta becomes udeerna and with the help of balavan vayu it is expelled through dhamanis. Dasha dhamani refers to dhamanis which are in hridaya. It moves all over the body and reaches in between twak and mamsaantara. This aggravated pitta in-turn aggravates kapha, vata and does vitiation of twak, mamsa causing discolouration of skin into different colours like pandutva, haridra. If it is considered as pradushya kapha vatasrik – The vayu which is doing vikshiptata is dushita by pitta. When it is considered as kaphapittasrk- Hridayastha pitta increases and reaches different locations and does the vitiation of pitta residing in those locations. Though different types of pandu are mentioned pitta is initiating factor for all types of pandu.

 

 

DISCUSSION

CHART NO 1: STAGES OF SAMANYA SAMPRAPTI OF PANDU ROGA-

Nidana Sevana

Pitta pradhana tridosha prakopa

Udirna of hridayastha pitta

Balavan vayu expels this udirna pitta through dhamanis

pitta pradhana tridoshas does dooshana of dhatus wherever they reach causing shithilata and gouravata

moves all over the body and reaches in between twak and mamsantara

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                    

The person experiences loss of varna, bala, Sneha and atyartha kshaya of other ojo gunas

Due to dhatu kshaya the person becomes alpa rakta, alpa meda and alpa oja yukta

It produces nihsaara, shithilendria and causes vikruti of varna.

PANDU ROGA

Kapha vata and asrk becomes aggravated and do dooshana of twak and mamsa causing vivarnata of twak

It leads to twak vivarnata of different colours like pandutva, haridra

This happens due to dosha dushya dooshana

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SAMPRAPTI GHATAKA

Dosha                                               Pitta Pradhana Tridosha

Dushya                                            Rasa, Rakta, Twak, Mamsa

Srotas                                               Rasavaha, Raktavaha

Srotodusthi Prakara                  Sanga

Adhisthana                                    Twak mamsantara

Aasya                                                Amashayotha

Agni                                                  Jhatraagni, Rasadhaatvaagni Mandya

Vyadhi Svabhaava  Chirakaari

MODE OF ACTION OF KALYANAKA GUDA

It can be understood under four headings-

Probable Mode of action of Trivrt Dravya- 

Twak, rakta, mamsa and medas are the dhatus involved in causation of udara, sotha, arsas, panduroga, kamala, vibandha rogas which are mentioned as indications of trivrt Dravya. By this it can be understood that it acts on the stage where pitta dominant tridoshas does vitiation of dhatus wherever they reach causing shithilata and gouravata.        

b. Probable Mode of Action of Guda Kalpana Vishesha- 

Guda kalpana increases majja, rakta, meda, mamsa, it is vata and pittahara. Hence it can be used in panduroga as it is a pitta dosha pradhana vyadhi and it acts on the stage where pitta pradhana tridoshas does vitiation of dhatus wherever they reach causing shithilata and gouravata.

c. Probable Mode of Action of Kalyanaka Guda-

When we observe indications of Kalyanaka Guda, all diseases are of rasavaha srotas, raktavaha sroto dushti involvement and agnidushtijanya vyadhis, hence in panduroga, we can understand that it may act where doshas reach on stages of vitiation of dhatus causing shithilata and gouravata in them.

d. Specific Site of Action of Kalyanaka Guda-

As the indications mentioned have twak as sthana samshraya, we can understand that Kalyanaka Guda yoga can act on the stage of twak vivarnata in pandu roga.

CONCLUSION

Dravyavikalpa can be defined as the vikalpa in vamaka and virechaka dravya prayoga in consideration to variability in desha etc factors of dravya and deha etc factors of patient. Stages of a disease are not only limited to kriyakala but it can be understood based on events caused in pathogenesis which helps in target-oriented treatment. The site of action of yogas of panduroga at different levels of pathogenesis can be analysed based on rogaghnata and doshaghnata of the yoga. By the application of samanya siddhanta, guna Siddhanta, karma Siddhanta general, specific site and mode of action of yogas can be understood. Kalyanaka Guda acts on the stage of pandu roga where pitta pradhana tridoshas do dooshana of dhatus causing shithilata and gouravata. Twak is the site of action of kalyanaka guda.

Conflict of interest: Nil

Acknowledgements: Nil

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