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Open Access Full Text Article                                                                  Review Article

Phytochemistry and Neuroprotective Potential of Bombax costatum Pellegr. and Vuillet: Bridging Traditional West African Medicine and Modern Neuropsychopharmacology

Arthur Armand Arnaud Daboné *¹, Samson Guenné ¹,², Modeste Traore ¹, Ghislain T. Kobendé ², Nabere Ouattara ^1,3, Moussa Compaoré ¹, Adama Hilou ¹, Martin Kiendrebéogo ¹

¹ Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Chemistry (LABIOCA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 P.O. Box: 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso 

² Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Food Technology and Nutrition (LABIOTAN), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 P.O. Box: 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso 

³ Université Daniel Ouezzin Coulibaly, BP 176 Dédougou, Burkina Faso

 

 

INTRODUCTION

In West Africa, neuropsychiatric disorders such as epilepsy, anxiety, and depression represent a significant public health burden, often managed through traditional medicine due to limited access to conventional pharmacological treatments ^1,2. Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuillet (Malvaceae), commonly known as the red kapok or false kapok tree, is a multipurpose woody species widely used in traditional pharmacopoeias across Burkina Faso, Benin, Mali, and Nigeria ^2–4.

This deciduous tree, characteristic of the Sudano-Sahelian savannas, holds considerable cultural and socio-economic importance. The calyces are primarily used as a food thickener in sauces, providing substantial nutritional value, especially during the lean season (representing 35–59% of wild vegetables consumed in some areas of Burkina Faso) ^5,6. Additionally, the roots, stem bark, leaves, and flowers are traditionally employed to treat epilepsy, convulsive disorders, anxiety, depressive states, fever, oedema, and hepatic disorders ^7–9. More than 46 distinct uses have been documented, highlighting the species’ high ethnobotanical and socio-economic value ^1,10.

Despite its longstanding traditional use, the scientific basis supporting these therapeutic applications remains only partially elucidated. Recent studies have identified key bioactive compounds such as lupeol in the stem bark and epicatechin in the root bark, along with promising anticonvulsant, antidepressant-like, anxiolytic, and antioxidant activities in preclinical models ^9,11,12. Hepatoprotective effects and low acute toxicity (LD₅₀ > 5000 mg/kg) further support its safety profile ^13,14.

Given the high prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders in the region and the need to scientifically valorize local medicinal resources, a critical evaluation of the neuroprotective potential of Bombax costatum is highly relevant.

The objective of this narrative review is to synthesize the available ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and preclinical pharmacological data on Bombax costatum, to identify the proposed mechanisms of action, and to outline perspectives for future research, particularly clinical studies.

METHODOLOGY

This narrative review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines for systematic literature searches, while using a thematic synthesis approach suitable for an integrative ethnopharmacological review ¹⁵.

Literature Search and Study Selection A comprehensive search was performed across five major databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, AGORA, and Lotus Base, covering publications from 1964 to December 2025. The search strategy combined the terms (“Bombax costatum” OR “Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuillet”) with keywords using Boolean operators: AND (phytochemistry OR neuroprotective OR anticonvulsant OR antidepressant OR anxiolytic OR ethnobotany OR pharmacology OR traditional use OR propagation OR conservation OR nutrition). Additional records were identified by hand-searching the reference lists of relevant articles and key reviews.

PRISMA Flow Diagram Details The study selection process is summarized in the PRISMA 2020 flow diagram (Fig. 1). Briefly:

• Identification: A total of 345 records were identified through database searching (PubMed: 68; ScienceDirect: 89; Google Scholar: 112; AGORA: 28; Lotus Base: 48).
• Screening: After removal of 122 duplicates, 223 records remained for title and abstract screening. Of these, 167 records were excluded (not relevant to B. costatum, wrong species, or non-scientific documents).
• Eligibility: A total of 56 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility.
• Included: Finally, 86 distinct documents (including 30 additional records identified through reference lists and other sources) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

• Inclusion: Peer-reviewed articles (original research or reviews) specifically on Bombax costatum reporting ethnobotanical, phytochemical, preclinical pharmacological, nutritional, ecological, propagation, or socio-economic data; full-text available in English or French.
• Exclusion: Studies on other Bombax species (e.g., B. ceiba, B. malabaricum) without clear taxonomic distinction, non-peer-reviewed documents, conference abstracts, editorials, and studies with insufficient methodological details.

Data were extracted using a standardized form and synthesized thematically.

 

 

Figure 1: Search results from different sources (Scorpus, Google scholar and PubMed)

 

ETHNOBOTANY AND TRADITIONAL USES

Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuillet, commonly known as red kapok or “false kapok tree” (locally called Goungourou, Kantakara, or Denguéré), is a highly valued multipurpose tree in the Sudano-Sahelian savannas of West Africa ^1,10,16–18. It plays a central role in traditional medicine, nutrition, and local economies, particularly in Burkina Faso, Benin, Mali, and Nigeria.

Geographical Distribution and Cultural Importance 

The species is widely distributed across the Sudanian and Sudano-Guinean zones. Ethnobotanical surveys indicate high use values and relative frequency of citation, especially in rural communities where access to modern healthcare is limited ^1,10,18,19.

Traditional Medicinal Uses 

Different plant parts are used for a wide range of conditions:

• Root and stem bark: Primarily used for epilepsy, convulsions, anxiety, depression, and nervous disorders. Decoctions or powdered bark are administered orally or as baths ^{7,9,12,20,20,21}.
• Leaves: Employed for fever, inflammation, malaria, and general pain relief ^1,9,22–28.
• Flowers and calyces: Used as food thickeners in sauces and for the treatment of hepatic disorders, anemia, and fatigue^5,20,29.
• Whole plant: In combination with other herbs for mental health conditions and as a general tonic.

More than 46 distinct uses have been documented across studies, with food and medicinal categories ranking highest ^1,30. In Benin (Pendjari Biosphere Reserve), the calyces are sold in local markets and represent an important source of income¹. In Burkina Faso, the species is frequently cited for neuropsychiatric and hepatic ailments ^31–33.

Nutritional Role 

The calyces are consumed as vegetables, representing 35–59% of wild edible plants consumed during the lean season in rural Burkina Faso ^5,24,29. They are rich in minerals and used to thicken sauces, providing both nutritional and cultural value.

Other Uses 

The tree provides fodder for livestock, firewood, fiber for ropes, and shade in agroforestry systems. Its wood is used for carving and construction ^18,34.

Conservation Status and Local Perceptions 

Local communities perceive a decline in Bombax costatum populations due to overexploitation, agricultural expansion, and climate change^30,35–37. This has led to increased interest in its domestication through vegetative propagation.

The ethnobotanical data strongly justify scientific investigation of its neuroprotective properties, as traditional knowledge has guided the selection of plant parts and indications now validated in preclinical models.

 

 

Figure 2: Images of different parts of the Bombax costatum plant (images taken from the original Bombax plant).

 

 

PHYTOCHEMISTRY

Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuillet is a rich source of secondary metabolites, with a phytochemical profile dominated by polyphenols, flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, saponins, and polysaccharides. Extensive studies on different plant parts (root bark, stem bark, leaves, flowers, and calyces) have led to the isolation and characterization of several bioactive compounds ^9,11,38–41.

Root Bark: The most detailed phytochemical investigation was conducted by Abba et al. (2021) ⁴¹ who isolated and fully characterized epicatechin (a flavan-3-ol) from the root bark. The compound was obtained through successive maceration with 80% methanol, followed by liquid-liquid partitioning and purification via silica gel column chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 gel filtration. Structural elucidation was achieved using melting point (259–262°C), UV-Vis (λmax 231 and 289 nm), IR spectroscopy, and extensive 1D/2D-NMR experiments. Key NMR signals include:

• ¹H-NMR (δ ppm): 4.80 (d, J=2.0 Hz, H-2), 4.15 (m, H-3), 2.88 (dd, J=4.5, 16.5 Hz, H-4a), 2.72 (dd, J=2.5, 16.5 Hz, H-4b), and aromatic protons at 5.90–7.05 ppm.
• ¹³C-NMR confirmed the flavan skeleton with characteristic signals for C-2 (79.8 ppm), C-3 (66.8 ppm), and C-4 (28.5 ppm). COSY, HSQC, and HMBC correlations unambiguously confirmed the cis-2,3 stereochemistry typical of epicatechin ⁴¹.

Stem Bark: Lupeol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, was isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the stem bark ^11,21. Other compounds reported include β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and various phenolic acids. The ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated significant anti-hepatofibrotic activity, linked to its high triterpenoid and flavonoid content⁴².

Flowers and Calyces: High levels of total polyphenols (up to 245.6 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (up to 89.4 mg QE/g), and carotenoids were quantified in flower extracts using different drying methods (shade, sun, and oven drying) ⁴¹. The calyces are particularly rich in mucilage and pectins (rhamnose and arabinose as dominant sugars), contributing to their traditional use as food thickeners ^1,43,44. Antioxidant capacity was confirmed by DPPH, ABTS, and Trolox equivalent assays ^8,12.

Leaves: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and alkaloids. Quantitative studies showed notable levels of minerals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn) alongside secondary metabolites ^43,45,46.

Overall Profile: More than 25 compounds have been identified across all studies. The phytochemical diversity supports the traditional uses for neurological disorders through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuromodulatory pathways. However, standardization remains challenging due to variations linked to geographic origin, season, and extraction solvent ^47,48.

 

 

Table 1:  Phytochemical composition of Bombax costatum by plant part.

Plant Part	Major Phytochemical Constituents	Ref
Root Bark	Epicatechin (flavan-3-ol), flavonoids, phenolic compounds	49
Stem Bark	Triterpenoids (lupeol, β-amyrin), β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, phenolic acids, saponins	11,12,43
Leaves	Tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids	5,8
Flowers	Polyphenols (up to 245.6 mg GAE/g), flavonoids, carotenoids, flavones	8,24
Calyces	Mucilage, pectins (rhamnose, arabinose), polyphenols, minerals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn)	5,24,43
Seeds	Fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, palmitic, stearic, lignoceric acid), polysaccharides	5,13

 

Figure 3: Molecules identified in Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuillet

 

 

NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

Preclinical studies on Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuillet strongly support its traditional applications in West African medicine for epilepsy, anxiety, depression, and other central nervous system disorders ^{7,12,41,47,50–54}. The observed effects are linked to its rich phytochemical profile, particularly flavonoids (epicatechin), triterpenoids (lupeol), and polyphenols with antioxidant and neuromodulatory properties.

Anticonvulsant Activity 

In the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure model in mice, the hydroethanolic root bark extract (100–400 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly prolonged seizure latency, reduced seizure severity and duration, and lowered mortality rate in a dose-dependent manner^7,11,50. The extract increased brain GABA levels while decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in the hippocampus, indicating GABAergic enhancement and lipid peroxidation inhibition. In the maximal electroshock (MES) test, the same extract offered protection comparable to standard drugs ²⁸. The isolated epicatechin from root bark is thought to contribute significantly through its antioxidant capacity and potential interaction with GABA-A receptors ⁴¹. Additional studies using kindling models further confirmed the extract’s ability to suppress epileptic progression ^20,55,56.

Antidepressant-like Effects 

In the chronic mild stress (CMS) model in rats, aqueous and hydroethanolic stem bark extracts (200–400 mg/kg) significantly reduced immobility time in the Forced Swim Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST), while improving sucrose preference ^{8, 30, 38}. Neurochemical analyses revealed elevated serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Antioxidant markers improved markedly: increased SOD and CAT activities, elevated glutathione (GSH) levels, and reduced MDA and nitrite levels. These effects suggest a multi-target mechanism involving monoaminergic enhancement and oxidative stress reduction ^12,57.

Anxiolytic and Sedative Properties 

Methanol and aqueous extracts of leaves and roots demonstrated significant anxiolytic activity in the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Light/Dark Box tests. Animals treated with 200–400 mg/kg spent more time and made more entries into open arms, with effects partially reversed by flumazenil, suggesting GABA-benzodiazepine receptor involvement   ^51,52. The extracts also reduced stress-induced hyperthermia. These activities correlate with the high flavonoid and phenolic content documented in multiple studies ^8,41,58.

Anti-inflammatory and Neuroprotective Mechanisms 

Extracts inhibited pro-inflammatory pathways (COX-2, NF-κB) and showed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity, relevant for both neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement ^8,51. Hepatoprotective effects (reduction of AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin in acetaminophen and CCl4 models) further support potential benefits on the liver-brain axis in neuropsychiatric conditions ^59,60.

Safety and Toxicity Profile 

Acute oral toxicity studies in rodents reported LD₅₀ values greater than 5000 mg/kg, classifying the extracts as practically non-toxic ^41,53. Subchronic administration in Wistar rats and broiler chickens showed no significant alterations in hematological parameters (RBC, WBC, hemoglobin), liver/kidney function tests, or histopathology at therapeutic doses ^{11,38,53,61,62}. In summary, the neuropharmacological evidence from PTZ, MES, CMS, EPM, and oxidative stress models consistently validates the traditional uses of Bombax costatum. The principal mechanisms include antioxidant activity, GABAergic modulation, monoamine enhancement, and anti-inflammatory effects, largely attributable to epicatechin, lupeol, and total polyphenols. Nevertheless, all current data are preclinical, and well-designed clinical trials are urgently needed.

 
 

Table 3: Major phytochemical classes, proposed mechanisms of action, and observed pharmacological effects of Bombax costatum

Phytochemical Class	Main Compounds	Proposed Mechanisms of Action	Observed / Reported Effects	Ref
Flavonoids	Epicatechin, apigenin, vicenin and derivatives	Antioxidant (ROS scavenging, ↑ SOD, ↑ CAT, ↓ MDA), GABAergic modulation, monoaminergic enhancement	Anxiolytic-like, antidepressant-like, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective	8,9,48,62, 63
Triterpenoids	Lupeol, β-amyrin	Antioxidant, COX-2/NF-κB inhibition, membrane stabilization, neuroprotection	Anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective	11,47,49, 64–66
Phenolic acids	Gallic, protocatechuic, caffeic acids	Strong antioxidant (free radical scavenging)	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory	48,67–69
Sterols	β-Sitosterol, stigmasterol	Membrane stabilization, antioxidant	Neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory	11
Polysaccharides / Mucilage	Rhamnose, arabinose-based pectins	Immunomodulatory, antioxidant	Food thickener, potential hepatoprotective	70

Note: Mechanisms are primarily proposed based on preclinical observations. Direct molecular target studies remain limited.

Table 4: Summary of key preclinical pharmacological studies on Bombax costatum

Plant Part	Extract Type	Dose (mg/kg)	Animal Model	Key Findings	Ref
Root Bark	Hydroethanolic	100–400	PTZ-induced seizures (mice)	Delayed seizure onset, ↓ mortality, ↑ GABA, ↓ MDA	7
Stem Bark	Aqueous	200–400	Chronic Mild Stress (CMS) – rats	↓ immobility (FST & TST), ↑ 5-HT & dopamine, antioxidant	12
Root / Leaves	Methanolic / Aqueous	200–400	Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) – mice	↑ open arm time & entries, anxiolytic-like effect	52
Stem Bark	Hydroethanolic	100–400	Maximal Electroshock (MES)	Protection against seizures	7
Stem Bark	Aqueous	200–400	Acetaminophen / CCl₄ toxicity	Hepatoprotective (↓ AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin)	53,59
Various	Methanolic	-	In vitro	AChE inhibition, antioxidant activity	8

Note: All in vivo studies were conducted in rodent models. Results are promising but require confirmation in clinical studies. 

Figure 4: Study selection process and neuropharmacological activities of Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuillet extracts in preclinical models.

 

 

DISCUSSION

The accumulated evidence from 86 documents analyzed in this review demonstrates that Bombax costatum possesses a remarkable phytochemical diversity and promising preclinical neuropharmacological activities that largely corroborate its extensive traditional use in West Africa for epilepsy, anxiety, depression, and related disorders ^{8,10,11,13,50,55,58,62,66,71–82}.

The presence of key bioactive compounds such as epicatechin (root bark), lupeol (stem bark), and high levels of polyphenols and flavonoids provides a strong scientific basis for the observed effects. Epicatechin, fully characterized by detailed NMR, IR, and UV data ⁴¹, is likely a major contributor to the antioxidant, GABAergic, and monoaminergic activities reported across multiple studies. Lupeol further supports anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties ^11,53,83.

The anticonvulsant effects in PTZ and MES models, antidepressant-like activity in the CMS model, and anxiolytic properties in EPM tests consistently show dose-dependent efficacy (100–400 mg/kg) through multiple mechanisms: enhancement of GABA transmission, elevation of serotonin and dopamine, and potent reduction of oxidative stress (↑SOD, CAT, GSH; ↓MDA) ^{7,9,12,41,57,84}. These multi-target actions represent a distinct advantage over single-target synthetic drugs, potentially offering better efficacy with fewer side effects in complex neuropsychiatric conditions.

Furthermore, the hepatoprotective effects documented in several studies ^53,62,85 suggest additional benefits via the liver-brain axis, which is increasingly recognized in the pathophysiology of depression and epilepsy. The excellent safety profile (LD₅₀ > 5000 mg/kg) and lack of significant toxicity in subchronic studies strengthen the therapeutic potential of this species ^53,61,63.

However, important limitations must be acknowledged. All pharmacological data remain preclinical (rodent models), with no clinical trials identified. There is significant variability in extract preparation, plant part used, and geographic origin, which complicates standardization. Taxonomic confusion with related Bombax species in some older literature also requires caution ¹⁵. Challenges for clinical translation include bioavailability, blood-brain barrier permeability, formulation issues, and regulatory requirements for herbal medicines.

From a conservation perspective, Bombax costatum faces threats from overexploitation, climate change, and land-use changes in the Sudano-Sahelian zone ^4,29–31,86. Sustainable propagation techniques, particularly vegetative multiplication by root cuttings, offer promising solutions for domestication and ex-situ conservation ^5,29.

Bombax costatum represents a valuable African medicinal plant with strong preclinical evidence supporting its neuroprotective potential. Future research should prioritize standardized extracts, pharmacokinetic studies, and well-designed clinical trials to validate its efficacy and safety in humans.

CONCLUSION

Bombax costatum Pellegr. & Vuillet emerges as a promising multipurpose medicinal plant of the Sudano-Sahelian zone with significant ethnobotanical importance and scientifically supported neuroprotective potential. This review, based on the analysis of 86 distinct documents, highlights the consistency between traditional uses in Burkina Faso, Benin, Mali, and Nigeria for epilepsy, anxiety, depression, and hepatic disorders, and the preclinical pharmacological evidence.

The phytochemical richness of the species, particularly the presence of epicatechin in the root bark, lupeol in the stem bark, and high polyphenol content in flowers and leaves, provides a credible mechanistic foundation for its observed anticonvulsant, antidepressant-like, anxiolytic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. These effects are mediated through multiple pathways including GABAergic modulation, monoaminergic enhancement (serotonin and dopamine), and strong antioxidant defense system activation. The excellent safety profile (LD₅₀ > 5000 mg/kg) further supports its therapeutic candidacy.

However, despite these encouraging preclinical results, several critical gaps remain. No clinical trials have yet been conducted to confirm efficacy and safety in humans. Issues related to extract standardization, bioavailability, blood-brain barrier penetration, and long-term toxicity need to be addressed before clinical development. Additionally, taxonomic confusion with related Bombax species in some literature calls for stricter botanical authentication in future studies.

From a sustainability perspective, Bombax costatum faces increasing anthropogenic and climatic pressures in West Africa. Vegetative propagation techniques (especially root segment cuttings) and agroforestry integration offer viable pathways for its conservation and domestication.

In summary, Bombax costatum represents a valuable African phytotherapeutic resource with strong potential for the development of new treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders. Future research should prioritize standardized extract development, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies, and rigorous clinical trials. Such efforts could contribute significantly to improving mental health care in resource-limited settings while promoting the valorization and sustainable use of African biodiversity.

Acknowledgment: Special thanks are extended to all traditional healers and local communities in Burkina Faso who shared their valuable knowledge on the traditional uses of Bombax costatum.

Funding: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Conflicts of interest: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions: All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. The individual contributions were as follows: A.A.A. Daboné : conducted literature search, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, visualization, and wrote the original draft of the manuscript; S. Guenné : conceived and designed the study, contributed to methodology, project administration, supervision, and writing - review and editing; M. Traoré: contributed to formal analysis and data interpretation; G.T. Kobendé : contributed to formal analysis and data interpretation; N. Ouattara : provided resources and contributed to writing – review and editing;  M. Compaoré : contributed to data interpretation and writing – review and editing; A. Hilou: contributed to project administration, validation, and writing – review and editing; M. Kiendrebéogo: contributed to project administration, validation, and writing – review and editing.

Data availability: All data supporting the findings of this study are derived from publicly available published literature cited in the references. Additional information is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Ethics approval: Not applicable. This article is a narrative review based solely on published data.

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