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Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

Open Access to Pharmaceutical and Medical Research

Copyright  © 2026 The  Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the original author and source are credited

Open Access Full Text Article  Review Article

Beyond the Beverage: The Versatility and Health Benefits of Coconut Water

Ragini Bose ^a*, Shubham Ghosh ^a, Moutoshi Singh ^b, Sarthak Singh ^a

^a School of Pharmacy, Arka Jain University, Mohanpur, Gamharia, Saraikela Kharsawan, Jharkhand- 832108

^b Bharat Pharmaceutical Technology, Amtali, Agartala, Tripura 799130

 

 

Introduction

Coconut water, a clear liquid found inside young coconuts, has gained widespread recognition for its natural composition and therapeutic properties. Throughout many regions of the world, it has been traditionally utilized for the treatment of ailments such as cholera, intestinal flu, and pediatric diseases, with notable success.¹ This tropical beverage holds immense popularity in regions where it is readily available, as it is a perishable liquid that quickly deteriorates when exposed to sunlight.² Recognized for its delicate flavor, refreshing taste, and nutritional benefits, coconut water has emerged as a natural contender in the sports drink sector, boasting functional properties that are highly sought after (Food and Agricultural Organization [FAO]). Although predominantly consumed in tropical coastal areas due to its limited shelf life, large-scale and intensive coconut cultivation is practiced in states like Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka. Other states across India, including Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, West Bengal, Gujarat, Assam, Pondicherry, and Goa, as well as the island nations of Lakshadweep and Andaman & Nicobar, also contribute to coconut production.^3,4 

Considering the growing popularity and diverse uses of coconut water, this review article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of its nutritional composition, health benefits, and potential applications. It will explore the variations in nutrient content based on factors such as coconut maturity and geographic location. Furthermore, the potential health advantages associated with consuming coconut water, including its role in hydration, electrolyte replenishment, sports performance, and cardiovascular health, will be examined.⁵ Additionally, this article will delve into the various applications of coconut water beyond its role as a refreshing beverage, exploring its inclusion in functional foods, natural sports drinks, nutraceutical products, and culinary creations. Moreover, the current state of research on coconut water, encompassing its nutritional value, bioactive compounds, and health benefits, will be discussed, with a focus on identifying gaps in knowledge and potential areas for future exploration. By delving into the diverse facets of coconut water, this review aims to shed light on its multifaceted nature and its potential for further research and utilization in various fields. ^6,7

 

 

 

Taxonomy of a coconut ⁸

 

Nutritional composition of coconut water

Coconut water is a nutrient-dense drink that provides valuable macronutrients. It supplies carbohydrates, such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose, which serve as a source of energy. Although it has lower protein and fat content compared to other foods, it does contain small amounts of amino acids and fatty acids. Furthermore, coconut water is rich in essential micronutrients.⁹ It contains minerals like potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and sodium, which are crucial for maintaining electrolyte balance, supporting muscle function, and facilitating proper nerve transmission. It also contains vitamins, including vitamin C, vitamin B-complex, vitamin A, and vitamin E, although these are present in moderate quantities. The nutrient composition of coconut water can vary depending on the maturity of the coconut and its geographic location.¹⁰

As coconuts mature, there is a change in sugar content, with a decrease in glucose levels and an increase in sucrose levels. The mineral content, especially potassium, and sodium, may also vary based on coconut maturity. Additionally, geographical factors such as soil composition and environmental conditions can influence the nutrient profile of coconut water. Coconut water is a healthy, fat-free beverage that is low in sugars and calories while being rich in nutrition. However, it is important to consume coconut water promptly after opening as the water gradually loses its nutrients and flavors over time. ^1,11 This is partly due to the presence of enzymes in coconut water, such as peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol (PPO), which react with oxygen and lead to nutritional and flavor degradation. Young coconut water generally contains more sugar and total phenolic compounds compared to mature coconut water. Coconut water is considered sterile within its protective husk and contains both organic and inorganic compounds that support the body's antioxidant system.¹²

 

Table 1: Composition and Concentration of Tender Coconut Water ¹³

Composition	Concentration
Total solids (%)	6.5
Reducing sugars (%)	4.4
Minerals (%)	0.6
Protein (%)	0.01
Fat (%)	0.01
pH	4.6
Potassium (mg%)	290.0
Sodium (mg%)	42.0
Calcium (mg%)	44.0
Magnesium (mg%)	10.0
Iron (mg%)	106.0
Copper (mg%)	26.0
Phosphorous (mg%)	9.2

 

Chemical Components

Phosphate: Coconut water contains phosphoric acid, which is crucial for the health of your bones, teeth, kidneys, muscles, heartbeat, and nervous system.

Sulfate: Sulfites in coconut water function as antioxidants and preservatives, inhibiting microbial growth and oxidation, which can result in off-flavors and colors.

Nitrate: Coconut water contains nitrates, which can be converted to nitric oxide to widen blood vessels, reduce blood pressure, and possibly improve physical performance.

Potassium: Potassium, a mineral abundant in coconut water, is important for maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, especially when exercising, and it also lowers blood pressure.

Calcium: Calcium, which is found in coconut water and promotes healthy teeth, bones, and muscles, may also help prevent cancer, diabetes, and high blood pressure, among other diseases.

Sodium: Coconut water contains a little quantity of sodium, which facilitates the transmission of nerve signals, controls muscle contractions and preserves the equilibrium of minerals and water.

Zinc: Zinc is a mineral found in coconut water that is necessary for healthy skin, immune system function, cell growth, and defense against acne and inflammation.¹⁴

Magnesium: Magnesium in coconut water is good for regulating blood sugar, producing energy, and maintaining organ health.

Fats: Even though coconut water normally contains very little fat, a tiny quantity is necessary for the body to absorb fat-soluble vitamins and serve as a source of energy.

Protein: Protein, which is essential for cell growth, repair, and development as well as the maintenance of general health, is found in modest amounts in coconut water. ¹⁵

Versatile uses of coconut water

Natural Beverage: 

Hydration: Due to its high-water content and electrolyte makeup, coconut water is a fantastic natural hydrating beverage. Electrolytes and fluids lost during exercise or hot conditions can be successfully replaced.¹⁶

Refreshing Drink: Coconut water is a cool, refreshing beverage that satisfies thirst. It's a tasty replacement for sugary beverages or artificial sports drinks because of the natural sweetness and nutty flavor. ¹⁷

Nutrient-rich: Vitamin C, B-complex vitamins, and minerals like potassium, magnesium, iron, and calcium are just a few of the critical components that coconut water is rich in. These nutrients assist a variety of biological processes and are beneficial to general well-being. ¹⁸

Post-Workout Recovery: Due to its electrolyte content, coconut water might aid in recovery following physical activity. The potassium and magnesium it help to restore are crucial for boosting muscle repair and preventing cramping.¹⁹

Religious uses:

Ritual Offerings: In many religious ceremonies and rituals, coconut water is offered as a symbol of purity, devotion, and gratitude. It is commonly presented as an offering to deities, ancestors, or divine beings as a gesture of reverence and to seek blessings. ²⁰

Cleansing and Purification: Coconut water is believed to have purifying properties in some religious practices. It may be used to cleanse sacred spaces, statues, or ritual objects to remove negative energies and impurities, creating a spiritually conducive environment.^21,22

Fasting and Ritual Observances: During religious fasts or observances, coconut water is sometimes consumed as a permitted liquid or considered a sacred drink that helps to sustain energy levels while adhering to dietary restrictions. ²³

Anointing and Blessings: Coconut water may be used for anointing or sprinkling during religious ceremonies, rituals, or blessings. It is believed to bestow blessings, protection, and divine grace upon individuals or objects being blessed. ²⁴

Symbolic Representation: The coconut itself is seen as a symbol of auspiciousness, fertility, and abundance in various cultures. Coconut water represents the life-giving fluid within the coconut, symbolizing purity, vitality, and the essence of creation.²⁵

Religious Observances and Festivals: Coconut water is often included in religious festivals and celebrations. It may be used for ceremonial bathing, as a holy drink, or as an ingredient in traditional dishes prepared during festive occasions. ²⁶

Traditional uses:

Hydration and Replenishment: Coconut water is frequently consumed to hydrate and replenish the body, particularly in hot regions or after physical exertion. Because it contains electrolytes, it is frequently regarded as a natural sports drink substitute. ²⁷

Digestive Aid: Coconut water has long been used to ease stomach discomfort and aid with digestion. It is said to have a cooling impact on the digestive tract, which may help ease the signs of heartburn or indigestion. ²⁸

Detoxification: As a natural detoxifier, coconut water is occasionally used. It is thought to boost kidney function, encourage a healthy urinary system, and aid in the body's detoxification process. ²⁹

Medicinal uses:

Kidney Health: The natural diuretic properties of coconut water may support kidney function and help prevent the formation of kidney stones by promoting urine production and flushing out toxins.³⁰ 

Blood Pressure Regulation: Coconut water is considered beneficial for maintaining healthy blood pressure levels. It is low in sodium and high in potassium, which helps balance electrolytes and regulate blood pressure. ³¹

Cardiovascular Health: Regular consumption of coconut water may have a positive impact on cardiovascular health. It is believed to help reduce cholesterol levels, improve lipid profiles, and support overall heart health. ³²

Pharmacological Activities  

Anti-inflammatory activity: The aqueous extract obtained from the husk of C. nucifera have anti-inflammatory activity. The formalin and subcutaneous air pouch test are conducted to prove the anti-inflammatory activity and showed that aqueous crude extracts of C. nucifera (50, or 100 mg/kg) significantly inhibited (Po0.05) the time that animals spent licking their formalin-injected paws and reduced inflammation induced by subcutaneous carrageenan injection by reducing cell migration, extravasation of protein, and TNF-a production. ³³

Anti-bacterial activity:   Ethanolic dry-distilled and aqueous extracts of coconut endocarp were compared with gentamicin and ciprofloxacin for their antibacterial activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-sensitive S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii, Citrobacter freundii, Enterococcus, Streptococcus pyrogens, Bacillus subtilis, and Micrococcus luteus using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The endocarp extracts showed strong antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and M. luteus but had no effect on E. coli. ³⁴

 Antioxidant activity: Diets rich in phenolic compounds can significantly enhance human health because of the effects of phenolic antioxidants. All of the oil obtained from the coconut virgin coconut oil has a high number of phenols. The DPPH test is used to study the antioxidant activity of virgin coconut and which has higher antioxidant activity compared to refined coconut oil. The ethanolic and aqueous extract obtained from the endocarp of Coconut has anti-oxidant activity comparable with that of standard ascorbic acid. ³⁵

 Antineoplastic activity:  Different molecular weight fractions of husk fiber aqueous extracts of C. nucifera were tested on human erythroid leukemia cell line K562 and Lucena 1, a multidrug-resistant (MDR) and vincristine-resistant derivative of K562. Both varieties showed cytotoxicity against K562 cells and decreased by 50% the viability and anti-MDR activity of Lucena 1cells. ³⁶ In both varieties, the anti-tumoral activity was concentrated in fractions with molecular weights between 1 and 10 kDa. There is great potential for future research on antineoplastic activity, as only one study has been reported. Because coconut is extensively cultivated in Brazil and its fiber is often discarded, it may offer an inexpensive source for new antineoplastic drugs. ³⁷

Anti-parasitic activity: The ovicidal and larvicidal activity of the liquid from the coconut husk (LCCV) and butanol LCCV extract were tested against Haemonchus contortus. In egg hatching and larval development tests, 2.5 mg/mL LCCV and 10 mg/mL butanol extract showed 100% ovicidal activity. Their larvicidal effects were 81.30% and 99.80% at 65 and 80 mg/mL, respectively. These results suggest that coconut extracts can be used to control gastrointestinal nematodes and that more studies are needed to evaluate their use in humans.³⁸

 Anti-Leishmania activity: The leishmanicidal effects of C. nucifera on Leishmania amazonensis were evaluated in-vitro and the extract obtained from the coconut husk fiber which is rich in polyphenols completely inhibited the cellular growth of Leishmania amazonensis promastigote forms at a minimum inhibitory concentration10 mg/ml and killed 100% of both developmental stages of the parasite after 60 min at 10 and 20 mg/ml.   Ethyl acetate extract (EAE) from husk fiber water was tested against L. braziliensis infected hamsters Administering EAE (0.2 mL, 300 mg/kg) for 21consecutive days did not reduce edema of infected footpad nor the weight of lymph node drainage but reduced skin lesions after 14 days. These results offer new promise for the development of drugs against leishmaniasis from coconut extracts because of their potent effects and the absence of in vivo allergic reactions or in vitro cytotoxic effects in mammalian system. ³⁹

Depressant and anticonvulsant activity: The methanol extract from the roots of C. nucifera at concentrations of 40, 60 and 80 mg/kg significantly increases the duration of sleep when compared with the drugs such as pentobarbital 40 mg/kg, diazepam 3 mg/kg, and meprobamate 100 mg/kg. The anticonvulsant action of ethanol extract of C. nucifera was also observed in pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure models. At 80 mg/kg, animals had seizures or died, even after 24 hrs.⁴⁰

Antimalarial activity: The methanol extracts C. nucifera of concentrations 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg was studied for antimalarial activity. The drugs of concentration 20 mg/kg of Chloroquine and 1.2 mg/kg of Pyrimethamine were used as reference drugs. And it is studied in vivo against Plasmodium berghei in mice. The methanol white flesh extract of C. nucifera produced a dose-dependent chemotherapeutic activity in all three in vivo assessment models. In the established malaria infection, the concentration of extracts 200 and 400 mg/kg shows a significant decrease when compared to the two reference drugs used for the treatment of the disease.^41,42

Conclusion

In conclusion, the analysis of the given data strongly supports the notion that natural coconut water is a healthier choice. The absence of processing and artificial additives in natural coconut water ensures its purity and authenticity. It maintains its original composition of bioactive constituents, essential minerals, amino acids, and nutrients, including reducing sugar, protein, and carbohydrates. The shorter stability period of natural coconut water further indicates its freshness and minimal processing, reinforcing its natural state.

Considering the health and well-being aspects, natural coconut water emerges as the recommended choice for those seeking an authentic and nutrient-rich option. However, it is important to acknowledge that individual preferences and specific dietary needs may vary, and these factors should be considered when making a final decision.

In summary, based on the provided data, natural coconut water stands out as a healthier choice due to its unprocessed nature, absence of artificial chemicals and additives, and retention of essential nutrients. By opting for natural coconut water, individuals can prioritize their health and enjoy a more genuine and nourishing beverage.

Credit authorship contribution statement

Shubham Ghosh: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Visualization, Validation, Software, Resources, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Project administration, Data curation, Conceptualization. Ragini Bose: Writing - review & editing, Resources, Methodology, Formal analysis, Resources, Methodology. Moutoshi Singh: Writing - review & editing. Sarthak Singh- Resources, Methodology.

Declaration of competing interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Data availability: Data will be made available on request.

Acknowledgements: The authors would like to acknowledge the School of Pharmacy, Arka Jain University, for providing the necessary facilities for this work.

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