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Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

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Open Access   Full Text Article                                                                                                                                                                            Review Article 

Habb-e-Azaraqi, A Potent Unani Pharmacopoeial preparation used in Neurological disorder: A review

Saba Bano¹, Qamrul Islam Usmani², Mohd Aleem³*

¹ Department of Mahiyatul Amraz (Pathology), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Kottigepalya Magadi main road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

² Assistant Prof. Department of Ilmul Advia, Inamdar Unani medical college and hospital, chacha layout, sedam road, Kalaburagi, Karnataka 

³ Department of Ilmul Advia (Pharmacology), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Kottigepalya Magadi main road, Bangalore, Karnataka-560091

Unani medicine is an ancient medicine system that involves a combination of therapies through the medication resources of plants, minerals and animals. Unani physicians follow two types of treatment regimens, which are based on Mufrad (single drug) and Murakkab (compound formulations). Compound formulations may include classical, Pharmacopoeial and proprietary/patent preparations. The selection of the drug for any ailment depends upon the choice of physicians. The Hippocratic theory of the humours-based Unani System of Medicine is well established in India ^1,2. It is thought that dosage forms of Unani are safe and do not have any harmful effects on the body. It is true up to some extent, but not at all. Unani drugs sometimes produce adverse effects, if not prepared as per their methods of preparation or if not detoxified before adding in a dosage form as needed ^1,3. There are four basic dosage forms of compound formulations in Unani medicine; solid, semisolid, liquid and gaseous form. Habb (Arabic: Habb; Urdu: Goli; Hindi: Goli; English: Pill; Latin: Pilula or pilioli) is one of the types of solid dosage forms and it has many advantages ⁴. Habb is prepared by powdering the dried drug and mixed with water or a liquid to form a proper dough-like mass and from it, the spherical-shaped unit dosage form is prepared, which may be of different sizes, e.g., pea, gram, black pepper; and weight vary from 0.1-1 g. Habb was invented by Hakeem Seelon ^4,5.

The drug Habb-e-Azaraqi is one of the classical Unani poly-herbal compound formulations cited in several classical books and Unani pharmacopoeias like Qarabadeen Azam ⁶, Bayaz Kabeer ⁷, Qarabadeen-e-Majeedi ⁸, National formulary of Unani medicine ⁹ etc. The formulation Habb-e-Azaraqi possesses Muqawwi- ī -Dimāgh (Brain tonic) Muqawwi-ī-‘asāb (Nerve tonic), Muharrik-ī-a‘sāb (Nervine stimulant) properties and therapeutically useful for various ailments of the human body like as Sara (Epilepsy), Fālij (Hemiplegia), Laqwa (Facial palsy), Ra‘sha (Tremor), Niqras (Gout), Waja‘ al-Mafāṣil (Polyarthritis) ^8–11. Habb-e-Azaraqi is a brownish-black coloured pill with a disagreeable odour and bitter taste ¹². It contains Azaraqi mudabbar (detoxified Strychnos nux-vomica L.), Filfil siyah (Piper nigrum L.), Filfil daraz (Piper longum L.) and Arq-e-Ajwain (Distillate of Trachyspermum ammi L.) ^7,9. All the individual drugs in the compound mixture contain some biologically important chemical constituents like phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, Strychnine, Brucine ¹³; Piperine, Piperamine ¹⁴; Beta-sitosterol, Daucosterol, Thymol, carvacrol p-cymene, g-terpinene, α- & β-pinenes ¹⁵ and possesses Immunomodulatory, Anticonvulsant, Neuroprotective, Antidepressant, Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-arthritis, Antioxidant, and Anticancer properties ^16–20

Habb-e-Azaraqi is a tablet dosage form compound formulation⁹, which is made with the following ingredients in the composition as given in Table 1.

Table 1

1. Important Points Regarding Preparation of Habb-e-Azaraqi ^8–10
2. Azaraqi Mudabbar: 700 mg of Azaraqi is buried in yellow clay and water is poured over it daily for ten days. Then, it is removed and cleaned. The outer coating (Testa) is peeled off with the knife and the cotyledons are separated after the embryo portion (pitta) is removed. It is then washed with hot water and tied in a clean cloth bag. In a vessel containing two litres of milk, the bag is immersed. The milk is then heated until it has evaporated; care is taken to ensure that the bag does not touch the vessel's base. Thereafter, it is removed from the bag and washed with water to obtain Azaraqi Mudabbar.
3. Poisonous or toxic drugs are first purified or detoxicated (mudabbar) and then ground to a fine powder. Besides being toxic (poisonous), Kuchla (nux-vomica) is very hard and difficult to powder. It is, therefore, immediately grounded when it is soft. In case it gets hard on drying, it is powdered by frying in Roghan Zard or any other suitable oil by which the drug is crisped. 
4. Arq-e-Ajwain: It is a liquid preparation obtained by steam distillation of Ajwain (Fruits).
5. The pills should neither be very hard nor very soft.
6. The huboob are preserved in well-dried clean glass jars, stoppered bottles etc. and stored in a cool and dry place to avoid contamination. 
7. Method of preparation 

Take all the ingredients of pharmacopoeial quality. Clean, dry and grind the whole ingredient separately and sieve through mesh number 100.  The powder is then mixed with Arq-e-Ajwain to make a semi-solid mass and granulated by passing through No. 20 mesh sieve. The obtained granules are dried and kept in cooling pans and rotated. To make the pills, little water is spread over the granules to keep them moist. After that, these granules are coated with a fine powder of a mixture of all three drugs by rotating the pan with an interval of one minute to ensure the uniform and smooth coating of the granules and lastly passed through different sizes of sieves. This procedure is repeated until the pills of the appropriate size have been collected ^7–9.

200-500 mg 

Muqawwi- ī -Dimāgh (Brain tonic), Muqawwi-ī-‘asāb (Nerve tonic), Muharrik-ī-a‘sāb (Nervine stimulant) ^7,10.

Sara (Epilepsy), Fālij (Hemiplegia), Laqwa (Facial palsy), Ra‘sha (Tremor), Niqras (Gout), Waja‘ al-Mafāṣil (Polyarthritis) ^9,12

Compound preparations are made to cure a particular disease, therefore the literature of Murakkabāt does not mention their Mizāj. Many other writers of Unani Medicine, such as Al-Kindi, Ibn Rushd and Najmul Ghani, have claimed that the compound formulations inherit Mizāj from their ingredients. So, a rule was established to test the Mizāj of the Murakkab drug. Following the same, Habb-e-Azaraqi is as follows (Table 2)

Table 2: Mizāj Assessment of Habb-e-Azaraqi

 Note: d: Darjāt (Degree); D: dose; H: Har (Hot); B: Barid (Cold); Y: Yabis (Dry); R: Ratab (Moist)

• Darjāt and Kayfiyāt Fā‘ila = {ΣDH ×dH – ΣDB ×dB}/ΣDH – ΣDB = 39/12=3.25
• Darjāt and Kayfiyät Munfa‘ila = {ΣDR ×dR – ΣDY ×Dy}/ΣDR – ΣDY =36/12=3
• Therefore, Mizāj of Habb-e-Azaraqi is Hārr Yābis of degree 3 (Hot and Dry in 3⁰)

Table 3: Physicochemical standards of Habb-e-Azaraqi ^12,21

Table 4: Description of ingredients of Habb-e-Azaraqi in Unani medicine

Table 5: Important Isolated Chemical constituent and Scientific studies of ingredients of Habb-e-Azaraqi

Fathima et al. evaluated the efficacy and safety of Habb-e-Azaraqi in the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A randomized single-blind standard controlled trial was carried out on 22 patients. Patients in the test group received Habb-e-Azaraqi, at a dose of 500 mg, twice a day, whereas the control group received Methylcarbylamine, 500 µg once a day for 45 days. The result revealed that the test drug is effective and safe in the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and no side effects or toxicity was observed during and after trial ⁵⁷. 

Ara et al., evaluate the acute toxicity of Habb-e-Azaraqi in rats as per OECD Guideline 425. At a dose of 2000 mg/kg bw no mortality was observed and therefore, the LD-50 of Habb-e-Azaraqi is considered > 2000 mg/kg in rats ⁵⁸.

Herbs are used therapeutically all over the world to cure various types of diseases. Polyherbal formulations dominate as the largest segment, capturing a significant share of the overall herbal supplements and remedies worldwide. Habb-e-Azaraqi is considered a potent Unani formulation and is used in this system of medicine for several decades for various clinical pathologies, especially nervine and musculoskeletal disorders. In the compound formulation of Habb-e-Azaraqi, all three ingredients are Muqawwi-ī-‘asāb (nerve tonic), Muharrik-ī-a‘sāb (nervine stimulant), Munaffis-ī-balgham (expectorant) and Dāf-ī-tashannuj (antispasmodic); can be used in neuromuscular disorders. However, preclinical and clinical studies are required by using different protocols to gather extensive knowledge of the formulation, especially to assure its use and effectiveness in Fālij (Hemiplegia), Laqwa (Facial palsy), Ra‘sha (Tremor), Waja‘ al-Mafāṣil (Polyarthritis) as mentioned in classical Unani literature. 

Acknowledgement

The authors are thankful to all library staff of NIUM for providing the literature related to this manuscript at the time of review.

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