Available online on 15.06.2022 at http://jddtonline.info

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

Open Access to Pharmaceutical and Medical Research

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Open Access  Full Text Article                                                                                                                                                                           Research Article 

Antidiabetic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Seed Kernel of Sapindus emarginatus in Rats

Archana B*¹ , Pagadala Kotesh² , Ramya Sree² , Pole Nikhitha² , Kursenga Santosh kumar² , Shaik Afroz² , Jiyarul SK ²            

^1. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, St. Mary's group of institution,   Deshmukhi (Village), Pochampally (Mandal), Yadadri Bhuvanagiri (Dist), Telangana-508284, India

^2. St. Mary's group of institution, Deshmukhi (Village), Pochampally (Mandal), Yadadri Bhuvanagiri (Dist), Telangana-508284, India

INTRODUCTION

Indian national Diabetes Federation (IDF) pronounced Hyperglycemia must have popped up as one of the severe medical concern and this is estimated 40 million persons were affected of hyperglycemia through India in 2007 and yet this total count may rise to 70 million besides 2025. Regions with huge population of diabetics could be India, China, USA, through 2030. That is predicted that every 5^th person would be of diabetic patient will be an India. The genuine hardship of such illness is indeed because of the associated complications where it leads to higher mortality and morbidity ¹. WHO estimated that mortality through the hyperglycemia. Cardiovascular diseases expenses most of $210 billion through india in year 2005. Most of the cardiovascular diseases within those researchers estimate were associated a globe like hyperglycemia between adult people (aged 20-79 years) would be 6.4% impacting 285 million adult people through 2010 which will enhance to 7.7%, among 439 million adult people through 2030. Among 2010 as well as 2030, there would be a 69% enhance percentages like older adults through developing nations as well as 20% raise through developed nations. To Study the protective influence like ethanolic extract of seed kernel of S.emarginatus against morphological changes (Body Weight) Induced by Alloxan monohydrate and Dexamethasone ². 

MATERIALS

Alloxan hydrate was purchased from National Scientific Pvt Ltd, Mumbai, India. Dexamethasone was purchased from Candila Health care limited, India. Glibenclamide was purchased from Sanofi India imited, India. All analytical grade and purchased from Hi Media (Mumbai).

METHODOLOGY

Experimental animals: Male and Female albino Sprague Dawley mice 7-8 weeks of age and needs to weigh approximately 150-250 g have been randomly used for the current research. A animals were housed under control condition at the 12-hour light and 12 h dark cycles at temperature 24±1^oC and humidity 55±5%. A living creatures have been randomly assigned in to it to experimental and control group as well as accommodated through eight prison cells (Six animals in each cage). All mice have been provided with water and food ad libitum even during research. A govern and animal experiments had been supply food but also potable water ad libitum. The whole living creatures have been fully adjusted as a minimum term like 1 week prior to the start of study. A study was conducted as per the Indian national science university regulations again for concern or use of living creatures ³.

Toxicity Studies: 

Toxicants studies were conducted pertaining to science research. the guidelines of Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD no.425). Initially the dose was administered to lone female rodent and also the rodent as for 48 hrs, with nearer surveillance as much as initial 4 hrs. After 48 hrs (of the first administration) same dose was administered in 2 more female rats and they were observed for 48 hrs with close surveillance up to initial 4hrs (same  in instance of all first rat). After 48 hrs (of second administration), same dose has been administered through 2 more white women rodents but also analysis has been performed same as other preceding rats ⁴. A rodents have been noticed such as fourteen days for any toxic reaction. 

Plant Material

Soap nut seed kernel:   500 gms soap nut seed kernel was used in this study, 21 gms of soap nut seed kernel extract were obtained. The soap nuts were collected from the local market of jagannadhapuram in Andhrapradesh (India).

Test drug: Sapindus emarginatus seed kernel (200 mg/kg+400 mg/kg/p.o)

Inducers:  Dexamethasone10 mg/kg i.p, Alloxan hydrate150 mg/kg i.p

Animals:  wistar albino rats weighing 120-250 gm.

Biochemical Kits:

Glucose kit (GOD/POD method)

Source: Crest Biosystems, A Division of Coral Clinical Systems, Goa.

Principle

Glucose is oxidized to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of glucose oxidase. Hydrogen peroxide further reacts with phenol and 4-aminoantipyrine by the catalytic action of peroxidase to form a red colored quinoneimine dye complex. Intensity of the color formed is directly proportional to the amount of glucose present in the sample ⁵.

Triglycerides kit (GPO/PAP method)

Source: Crest Biosystems, A Division of Coral Clinical Systems, Goa.

Principle

Lipoprotein lipase hydrolyses triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. The glycerol formed with ATP in the presence of glycerol kinase forms glycerol 3 phosphates which are oxidized by the enzyme glycerol phosphate oxidase to form hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide further reacts with phenolic compounds and 4 aminoantipyrine by the catalytic action of peroxidase to form quinoneimine dye complex. Intensity of the color formed is directly proportional to the amount of triglycerides present in the sample ⁶.        

Cholesterol kit (CHOD/PAP method)

Source: Crest Biosystems, A Division of Coral Clinical Systems, Goa.

Principle

Cholesterol esterase hydrolyses esterified cholesterol to free cholesterol. The free cholesterol is oxidized to form hydrogen peroxide which further reacts with phenol and aminoantipyrine by the catalytic action of peroxidase to form quinoneimine dye complex. Intensity of the color formed is directly proportional to the amount of Cholesterol present in the sample ⁷.

Extraction procedure

Drying and size reduction         

Soap nut seed kernel was subjected to drying in normal environmental condition under shade. The dried seed kernel was powdered by the help of a hand mill and was stored in air tight container. The powdered material was passed through sieve of 16 mesh size to obtain uniform particle size for extraction ⁸. 

Extraction process

Harvesting has been the common process for detachment of active components with the use of ethanol solvents. A solidified dry powder plants is usually use it for harvesting. Harvesting alone might remain executed through reproduced maceration of agitation percolation or through ongoing harvesting through soxhlet extraction.                          

The soap nut seed kernels were powdered by the help of a hand mill. The powder was sieved by No.16 mesh. 500 g of powder was defatted with petroleum ether at 50-60°C for 24 hr. After 24 hr the dry defatted powder was poured into the soxhlet apparatus. Sufficient solvent (90% ethanol) was added into the flask and the soxhlet apparatus was placed on the mantle along with 3-4 ceramic chips. The flask was fitted with a water-cooled condenser. The mantle was switched on and the temperature was set at 45°C.The extraction was continued for 36 h, 1-2 cycles per hour. After 36 h the mantle was switched off and water flow was stopped. After cooling the plant material was removed by filtration through a cotton plug. The solvent of the extract was evaporated by using normal distillation. The concentrated mass was taken in a porcelain disc and evaporated in a water bath at 55°C. Then it was left at room temperature to get a dried mass of the extract. The extract mass was weighed in a digital balance. The extract was labeled and kept in freeze for further use ⁹.

Figure 1: Sapindus emarginatus seed kernel

Figure 2: Soxhlet extraction of sapindus emarginatus seed kernel

Preliminary Phytochemical investigation

The methanolic extract obtained from the above extraction processes was analyzed for different phytoconstituents present in this by the method of qualitative phytochemical analysis ¹⁰.

Tests for Alkaloids

Mayer’s Test

This is other method for identifying alkaloids. To organize a titrant, 1.36gm of mercuric chloride has been disintegrated through deionised water. In that other portion disintegrate 5gm of potassium iodide through 60 ml of deionised water. However both its portions have been combined and also the quantity has been modified to 200ml. With alkaloids this has shown white to buff crystalline ¹¹.

Dragendroff’s Test

With alkaloids all these titrant provides orange-brown colored precipitate. To organize the above titrant, 14gm like sodium iodide has been steamed as for 5.2gm like bismuth carbonate through 50ml glacial acetic acid only for a few mins. Then that was allowed to exist for up to overnight and indeed the crystalline like sodium acetate has been filtrated beyond. To 40 ml of filtration 160 ml of acetate and 1 ml of water will be added. A stock solution has been saved through amber-colored bottle. Throughout research; to 10 ml of stock solution 20 ml of acetic acid was added as well as the final volume has been made up to 100 ml with water ¹².

Hager’s Test: All these titrant has shown characteristic crystallization precipitate with several precipitates. Inside this instance a saturated aqueous picric acid would be used for recognition of alkaloids ¹³. 

Tests for Carbohydrates

Benedict’s Test: Inside this approach to assess for monosaccharide, 5 ml of Benedict’s reagent and 3 ml of test solution while steamed on even a steam bath as well as brick red crystalline has seemed there at lower half of a test tube affirms a existence of such substances ¹⁴.

Fehling’s Test: Inside this method 2 ml of Fehling ‘A’, 2 ml like Fehling ‘B’ and 2 ml of extricate seem to be heated. The presence of reducing fructose has been affirmed. Whether the yellow or brick red crystalline does seem just at lower half of a test tube affirms that whole existence of a monosaccharide ¹⁵.

Molisch’s Test: When the aqueous or alcoholic solution of the extract and 10% alcoholic solution of α-napthol had been shaken but also concentrated Sulphuric acid has been added all along side of the test tube, a violet ring now at junction of the two fluids affirms existence like dietary carbohydrate ¹⁶.

Test for Anthraquinone Glycosides

Borntrager’s test: The 0.1gm of a powder form substance has been heated as for 5 ml of 10% sulphuric acid for two minute. This was filtrated while warm, Then allowed to cool and also the filtration has been shaken with average volume like benzene. The benzene sheet has been permitted to totally separate fully as from lower layer, Which has been pipette out again and transmitted over to a clean test tube. Whereupon half to separate. The lower ammonia layer will show red pink color ¹⁷.

Tests for Gums And Mucilages

Molisch’s Test: Among its quantity of aqueous solution of a extricate but also 10% alcoholic solution of α-napthol seem to be shaken and concentrated Sulphuric acid was added all along side of the test tube, a violet ring at the junction of  the two fluids affirms existence of carbohydrates, gums as well as mucilage ¹⁸.

Tests for Proteins and Amino Acids

Biuret Test: When 2ml ofa extricate, 2 ml of 10% NaOH solution and 2-3 drops of 1% CuSO₄ solution had been combined, the looks of violet or purple color affirms a existence of proteins ¹⁹.

Ninhydrin Test

When 0.5 ml of ninhydrin solution is added to 2 ml of the extract and boiled for 2 minute and then cooled. The appearance of blue color confirms the presence of proteins ²⁰.

Tests for Tannins and Phenolic Compounds

Lead Acetate: Tannins get precipitate with lead acetate.

Ferric Chloride: Generally phenols were precipitated with 5% w/v solution of ferric chloride in 90% alcohol and thus phenols are detected ²¹.

Tests for Triterpenoids

Tin and Thionyl Chloride: For detection of triterpenoids the extract was dissolved in chloroform. A piece of metallic tin and 1 drop of thionyl chloride was added to it. Pink color confirms the result ²².

Tests for Saponins

Foam Test: About 1 ml of alcoholic and aqueous extract has been diluted individually with deionised water to create the quantity up to 10 ml, and shaken inside a graduated cylinder for 15 minutes but also retained aside. 1 cm layer of foam after hanging for 30 minutes suggests the existence of saponins ²².

Tests for Flavonoids

Test with NaOH: Again for identification of flavonoids, the extricate has been first dispersed to liquid. This has been filtrated and also the filtrate has been allowed to treat with sodium hydroxide. A yellow color affirms the existence of flavonoids ²³.

Shinoda test: The limited amount of sample has been taken inside a test tube as wll as dispersed through methanol (1 ml). A pinch of magnesium powder has been added followed besides concentrated. Hydrochloride. Appearances of pink color identify the existence of flavonoids, bioflavonoid ²⁰.

Experimental Design

Alloxan Induced Diabetes on Rats

Group I         :   Received Normal saline for 21 days.

Group II       :   Animals received Alloxan hydrate at a dose 150 mg/kg, i.p on 1^st day of the experiment.

Group r                 Glibenclamide at a dose of 5 mg/kg were administered.III     :   Animals received Alloxan hydrate at a dose of 150 mg/kg,  i.p and after 48 hrs, the Glibenclamide  at a dose of 5 mg/kg,  p.o were  administered once daily for 21 days.

Group IV    :   Animals   received Alloxan hydrate at a dose of 150 mg/kg, i.p After 48 hrs, the EESKSE at a dose of 200 mg/kg, p.o were   administered once daily for 21 days.

Group V     :   Animals received at a dose of 150 mg/kg, i.p and after 48 hrs, the EESKSE at a dose of 400 mg/kg, p.o were administered once daily for   21 days.

Albino rats weighing 150 to 250 gms either sex were selected and kept in laboratory under 12 hrs dark and light bands. All animals fasted for 24 hrs before start of experiment. Group I served as normal control and received saline solution for 21 days. Group II is toxicant control and received Alloxan hydrate at a dose of 150 mg/kg, i.p on 1^st day of experiment. Group III, IV, V were received Alloxan at a dose of 150 mg/kg on 1^st day of experiment and after 48 hrs, Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg, p.o), EESKSE (200 mg/kg, p.o), EESKSE (400 mg/kg, p.o), administered respectively for 21 days on 22^nd day , the blood was collected from retro orbital plexus and analyzed various parameters ²⁴. 

Dexamethasone Induced Diabetes on Rats

Group I      :    Received Normal saline for 11 days.

Group II     :   Animal received   Dexamethasone   at a dose 10 mg/kg, i.p were administered once daily for 11 days.

Group r                 Glibenclamide at a dose of 5 mg/kg were administered.III    :   Animal received   Dexamethasone at a dose of 10 mg/kg, i.p and   after 30 mins,  the Glibenclamide at a dose of 5 mg/kg p.o were   Administered once daily for 11 days.

Group IV    :  Animal   received Dexamethasone at a dose of 10 mg/kg, i.p and after 30  mins, the EESE  seed kernel at a dose of 200 mg/kg p.o were  administered once daily for 11 days.

Group V     :  Animal received   Dexamethasone at a dose of 10 mg/kg, i.p and after 30 mins , the EESE  seed kernel at  a dose of 400 mg/kg p.o were administered once daily for 11 days.

Albino rats weighing 150 to 250 gm either sex were selected and kept in laboratory under 12 hrs dark and light cycle. All animals fasted for 24 hrs before start of experiment. Group I served as normal control and received saline solution for 11 days. Group II is toxicant control and received Dexamethasone at a dose of 10 mg/kg, i.p on daily for 11 days. Group III, IV, V were received Dexamethasone at a dose of 10 mg/kg i.p and after 30 mins, Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg, p.o), EESKSE (200 mg/kg, p.o), EESKSE (400 mg/kg, p.o), administered respectively for 11 days on 12^th day, the blood was collected from retro orbital plexus and analysed various parameters ²³. 

Blood Sample Collection Method          

While  handling the head with the left hand. With the help of the index finger the eye was pressed just behind the angle of the jaw resulting in the engorgement of the retro orbital plexus.  Then tip of the capillary was inserted at the medical canthus into the retro-orbital plexus. Capillary tube:  1mm (bore size). The animal was restrained (unanaesthetised) in such a way that loose skin of the neck was tightened with gentle rotation by the other  hand as the vessels are ruptured, blood wells up in the peri-orbital space. The tip of the capillary was then slightly withdrawn, so that the blood flows into the capillary, which was collected in microcentrifuge (1 ml) tube containing small quantity of potassium oxalate and sodium flouride as anticoagulant ²³.

Prearation Of Serum

Blood was collected through retiro orbital pleiuxus blood sample was collected in blood collecting tubes   for biochemical parameters analysis ²⁴.

Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was calculated by T-paired test. Mean and SEM VALUES are calculated ²⁵.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Preliminary phytochemical screening the seed kernel extract of S.emarginatus.

Table 1: PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING

Toxicity study:   In the present study the ethanolic extract of S.emarginatus seed kernel was subjected to toxicity studies. For the LD₅₀ dose determination, ethanolic extract was administered with limit test dose of 2g/kg body weight and extract did not produce any mortality, thus 1/5^th (400 mg/kg), 1/10^th (200 mg/kg) of were selected for the presented study. 

Effect of EESESK on Alloxan hydrate induced diabetes in rats

Biochemical parameters in normal control rats

In normal control rats biochemical parameters are recorded, those are Glucose levels are found to be from range of 68.01±1.23 to 70.23±1.39 mg/dL, and TC, TG, LDL, VLDL and HDL are found to be 66.62±1.78 mg/dL, 65.52±0.91mg/dL, 33.76±1.46 mg/dL, 13.53±0.50 mg/dL and 85.10±1.78 mg/dL respectively.

Effect of Alloxan hydrate (150 mg/kg) on   biochemical parameters in rats

When compared to normal control group of animals, the biochemical parameters of toxicant group such as Glucose levels are found to from range of 277.23±1.54 to 308.87±1.39 mg/dL, and TC, TG, LDL and VLDL are found to be 197.60±1.58 mg/d, 400.19±0.83 mg/dL, 87.11±1.92 mg/dL, and 78±0.90 mg/dL respectively. These are significantly increased to several folds. Whereas HDL is 30.72±0.51 mg/dL are significantly decreased. This is an indication of toxicity produced by Alloxan [Table 2]. 

Effect of Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) on biochemical parameters of Alloxan hydrate induced diabetes in rats

When compared to toxicant control, Glibenclamide treated animals have shown a significant reduction in biochemical parameters such as Glucose levels are reduced (306.24± 0.94  mg/dL, 297.59±1.71  mg/dL, 245.65±1.93 mg/dL, 139.62±1.54 mg/dL) on 0^th, 11^th, 14^th and 21^st days of the experiment. And also TC (110.29±1.65 mg/dL), TG (106.21±1.06 mg/dL), LDL (29.848±1.77 mg/dL), VLDL (20.34±0.49 mg/dL) are significantly reduced. Whereas HDL levels (57.42±1.18 mg/dL) are significantly increased when compared with toxicant group. 

Effect of EESKSE (200 mg/kg) on biochemical parameters of Alloxan hydrate induced diabetes in rats 

When compared to toxicant control, EESKSE 200 mg/kg treated animals have shown a significant reduction in biochemical parameters such as Glucose levels are reduced and these are ound to be 266.02±1.72 mg/dL, 213.43±1.46 mg/dL, 185.78±1.93 mg/dL and 156.02±0.84 mg/dL on 0^th, 11^th, 14^th and 21^st days of the experiment. TC (103.57±0.94mg/dL), TG (137.44±0.84 mg/dL), LDL (36.07±0.85 mg/dL), and VLDL (27.55±0.63 mg/dL) are significantly reduced. Whereas HDL levels (47.94±1.05 mg/dL) are significantly increased when compared with toxicant group [Table 3].

Effect of EESKSE (400 mg/kg) on biochemical parameters of Alloxan hydrate induced diabetes in rats 

When compared to toxicant control, EESKSE (400 mg/kg) treated animals have shown a significant reduction in biochemical parameters such as Glucose levels are reduced (303.36±1.32 mg/dL, 243.05±0.84 mg/dL, 177.44±1.06 mg/dL, 128.12±0.90 mg/dL) on 0^th, 11^th, 14^th and 21^st days of the experiment.TC (78.93±1.57 mg/dL), TG (96.98±0.71 mg/dL), LDL (25.51±0.89 mg/dL), VLDL (17.95±0.64 mg/dL) are significantly reduced. Whereas HDL levels (78.10±0.94 mg/dL) are significantly increased when compared with toxicant group [Table 4, 5, 6 & 7].

Body Weight

Shows the body weight of the normal and treated groups minor difference from the diabetic control on 21^st  day. The treated groups   animal body weight maintained throughout the experiment compare to diabetic control.

Table 2: EFFECT OF EESESK ON BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN   ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETES RATS

All values are shown as mean ± SEM and n=6. Significant at   p<0.05*,   p<0.01**,   p<0.001***,   ns = no significant 

EESKSE = Ethanolic extract of seed kernel of   Sapindus emarginatus.         

Table 3: Anti Diabetic activity of EESKSE on Alloxan induced diabetic rats

All values are shown as mean ± SEM and n=6.

# indicates p<0.05, ##   indicates p<0.01, ###   indicates p<0.001, ns = no significant  

* indicates p<0.05, ** indicates p<0.01, *** indicates p<0.001, ns = no significant

 EESKSE= Ethanolic extract of seed kernel of Sapindus emarginatus    

Table 4:  EFFECT OF EESESK ON   BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETES RATS

   n=6. Significant at   p<0.05*, p<0.01**, p<0.001***, ns = no significant 

      EESKSE = Ethanolic extract of seed kernel of Sapindus emarginatus.                

Table 5: Anti Diabetic activity of   EESKSE on Alloxan induced diabetic rats

All values are shown as mean ± SEM and n=6.

# Indicates p<0.05, ##   indicates p<0.01, ###   indicates p<0.001, ns = no significant

* Indicates p<0.05, ** indicates p<0.01, *** indicates p<0.001,     ns = no significant    

EESKSE: Ethanolic extract of    seed kernel of Sapindus emarginatus, TC: Total cholesterol, TG: Triglycerides, LDL: Low density lipoproteins, VLDL: Very low density lipoproteins,   HDL: High density lipoproteins.

Table 6: EFFECT OF EESESK ON PHYSICAL PARAMETERS ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETES RATS

All values are shown as mean ± SEM and n=6.

EESKSE: Ethanolic extract of seed kernel of Sapindus emarginatus.

Table 7: Anti Diabetic activity of EESKSE on Alloxan induced diabetic rats 

All values are shown as mean ± SEM and n=6. EESKSE: Ethanolic extract of seed kernel of Sapindus emarginatus

Effect of EESKSE on Dexamethasone induced diabetes in rats

Biochemical parameters in normal control rats

The normal group of rats the blood glucose levels, TC and HDL are found to be 76.65±1.05 mg/dL, 76.92 ±0.55 mg/dL and 68.95 ±1.40 mg/dL respectively.

Effect of    Dexamethasone (150 mg/kg) on    biochemical parameters in rats

When compared to normal control group of animals, the biochemical parameters such as Glucose (207.58±1.01 mg/dL), TC (169.22±1.01 mg/dL) are significantly increased, whereas HDL (30.69±1.30 mg/dL) levels are significantly decreased [Table 8]. 

Effect of Glibenclamide (5mg/kg) on biochemical parameters of Dexamethasone induced diabetes in rats 

When compared to normal control animals the biochemical parameters such as Glucose (107.15±0.75 mg/dL), TC (100.62±1.29 mg/dL) are significantly decreased, whereas HDL (56.92±1.55 mg/dL) levels are significantly increased when compared to toxicant group [Table 9]. 

Effect of EESKSE 200 mg/kg on biochemical parameters of Dexamethasone induced diabetes in rats 

When compared to normal control animals the biochemical parameters such as Glucose (147.12±1.09 mg/dL), TC (108.40±0.81 mg/dL), are significantly decreased, whereas HDL (61.45±1.01 mg/dL) levels are significantly increased when compared toxicant group [Table 10]. 

Effect of EESKSE (400 mg/kg) on biochemical parameters of Dexamethasone induced diabetes in rats 

When compared to normal control animals the biochemical parameters such as Glucose (68.70±0.76 mg/dL), TC (67.81±0.71 mg/dL) are significantly decreased, whereas HDL (66.98±1.28   mg/dL) levels are significantly increased [Table 11, 12 & 13]. 

Physical Parameters

Body Weight

The body weight of the normal and treated groups significantly difference from the diabetic control on 11^th day. The treated   groups animal body weight maintained throught the experiment compare to diabetic control.

Table 8: EFFECT OF EESESK ON BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN    DEXAMETHASONE INDUCED DIABETES RATS

All values are shown as mean ± SEM and n=6,

# indicate p<0.05, ##   indicate p<0.01, ### indicate p<0.001, ns = no significant,

* indicate p<0.05, ** indicate p<0.01, *** indicate p<0.001,     

EESKSE: Ethanolic extract of seed kernel of Sapindus emarginatus.

All values are shown as mean ± SEM and n=6.

# indicates p<0.05, ## indicates p<0.01, ###   indicates p<0.001, ns = no significant   

* indicates p<0.05, ** indicates p<0.01, *** indicates p<0.001,   

Table 9: Anti   Diabetic activity of EESKSE on Dexamethasone induced diabetic rats

Table 10: Effect of EESESK on biochemical parameters in Dexamethasone induced diabetes  rats

All values are shown as mean ± SEM and n=6.

# indicates p<0.05, ##   indicates p<0.01, ###   indicates p<0.001, ns= no significant,  * indicates p<0.05, ** indicates p<0.01, *** indicate p<0.001, EESKSE: Ethanolic extract of   seed kernel of S. emarginatus,   TC: Total cholesterol, HDL: High density lipoproteins.

Table 11: Anti Diabetic activity of    EESESK on Dexamethasone induced diabetic rats

            All values are shown as mean ± SEM and n=6,

          # indicates p<0.05, ##   indicates p<0.01, ### indicates p<0.001, ns = no significant,

         * indicates p<0.05, ** indicates p<0.01, *** indicates p<0.001,             

           EESKSE: Ethanolic extract of seed kernel of   S.emarginatus, TC: Total cholesterol, HDL: High density lipoproteins.

Table 12: EFFECT OF EESESK ON PHYSICAL PARAMETERS IN DEXAMETHASONE INDUCED DIABETES RATS

All values are shown as mean ± SEM and n=6.

EESESK: Ethanolic extract of seed kernel of S.emarginatus

Table 13: Anti   Diabetic activity of EESESK on Dexamethasone induced diabetic rats

All values are shown as mean ± SEM and n=6.

EESESK: Ethanolic extract of seed kernel of S.emarginatus 

CONCLUSION

The   present    study   indicates that S. emarginatus seed kernel is used for the management of diabetes mellitus. S. emarginatus seed kernel showed significant reduction of Glucose, TC, TG, LDL, VLDL levels and increased level of HDL in diabetic model rats. The increased HDL is also cardio protective activity. Therefore S. emarginatus seed kernel has potential role to prevent formation of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank Principal sir (Dr. Kamal Hassan) St. Mary’s Group of Institutions, Deshmukhi (Village), Pochampally (Mandal), Yadadri Bhuvanagiri(Dist), Telangana-508284, India.

Conflict of Interest

The authors attest that they have no conflict of interest in this study.

Funding Support

The authors declare that there is no financial support for the current study.

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